Venezuela: Chavez announces radical measures against capitalism

President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela during the swearing in ceremony of his new cabinet gave a fiery speech in which he announced a series of radical measures. If carried out they would be a serious blow against the power of the oligarchy and imperialism in Venezuela. The proposals he made reflect the sharp turn to the left in the country as a whole. They reflect the real mood of the masses and their desire for radical change and an end to capitalism in the country.

Hugo Chavez after his amazing victory

In December he won a massive victory, the biggest ever since the Bolivarian Revolution began. The balance of forces is now weighted very heavily in favour of the Venezuelan masses. Chavez has absolute control of parliament and massive support among the population. The conditions exist for snuffing out capitalism once and for all.
The list of measures announced by Chavez would mean striking at the very heart of Venezuelan capitalism. It is not by chance that an article that appeared in the Washington Post yesterday, commenting on his speech, appears under the title "Chavez accelerates Venezuela's socialist revolution". The title encapsulates very well what is happening in Venezuela. The serious bourgeois analysts understand what the Marxists understand. Capitalism could be eradicated in Venezuela quite easily.

In his speech Chavez emphasised that Venezuela has entered a new phase, which he defined as the "National Simon Bolivar Project of 2007-2021", which would aim to build "Bolivarian Socialism". Tomorrow, Chavez will speak again at his own swearing-in ceremony, where he says he will outline in more detail what this project will consist of, but already he has pointed to five main points, five "motors" of the revolution: a special "enabling" law, further constitutional reform, popular education, reconstruction of the organs of state power, and explosion of communal power.

The enabling law is the main plank of his proposals. It would allow Chavez, over the coming year, to push through a series of decrees. He specifically pointed out that a central part of the law would include the nationalisation of key industries that had been privatised by past governments, such as the Venezuelan telecommunications company CANTV (privatised in 1991) and the electricity industry. Earlier this year he had already threatened to nationalise CANTV if it did not adjust its pension payments to come in line with the minimum wage.

He was very clear about what needs to be done. He said, "All of that which was privatised, let it be nationalised", which received a big applause. He added that the aim was to establish "social ownership over the strategic sectors of the means of production."

He also plans to increase state control over the oil industry. At present there are four Orinoco Oil Belt projects that the state runs as joint ventures with the US companies Exxon Mobil, Conoco, and Chevron, France's Total, Britain's BP, and Norway's Statoil, but the state has a minority share in these. Now Chavez proposes taking a majority share, thus strengthening the state's control over these important projects which account for 18% of the country's oil production.

He announced that the text of the law is ready and would soon go to the National Assembly.
He also proposed new constitutional reforms. He did not specify what kind of reforms he is proposing but in his speech he said he would base himself on the "popular power, the true combustible", referring to the need to base the revolution on the grassroots, the people that have consistently supported the revolution. He added that, "We're moving toward a socialist republic of Venezuela, and that requires a deep reform of our national constitution... We're heading toward socialism, and nothing and no one can prevent it."

One specific reform he did mention was that of establishing greater control over the Central Bank. The Bank is presently independent. Chavez wants to remove this. As he pointed out, this independence makes it an instrument of "neo-liberalism". This is a correct decision. The central bank directors have systematically put up opposition to Chavez's policy of using state funds to alleviate poverty and carry out genuine reforms. They have used the independence of the bank to defend the interests of the unelected oligarchy that wishes to maintain its control over the fundamental levers of the economy.

Other measures he outlined included that of setting up a "Bolivarian popular education." He explained that this would "deepen the new values and demolish the old values of individualism, capitalism, of egotism."

He stressed the need to give a greater say in running things to the poorer areas of the country, clearly indicating the need to shift power to the masses that support the revolution. He said that what needed to be done is to "dismantle the bourgeois state" because all states "were born to prevent revolutions." This is to be done by giving more power to the newly set up Communal Councils and by developing them from the bottom up with the aim of creating a new state based on these Communal Councils.

Before his speech he had already taken a firm decision not to renew the broadcast concession to the RCTV, a TV Company that has consistently supported all the undemocratic manoeuvres to remove Chavez. It supported the 2002 coup and the sabotage of the oil industry. Chavez has been attacked for this by the Opposition and imperialism. They want the freedom to manoeuvre and plot against the democratically elected government of Venezuela. Imagine if in the USA a private TV channel supported a coup attempt to remove Bush. How would the Republicans react? That TV station would not survive one day longer.

Another measure that had already been announced, and that can be seen in the same light as the ones announced yesterday, is the removal of Vice-president Jose Vicente Rangel and his replacement by Jorge Rodriguez. Rangel had come to be seen as a representative of the most moderate elements within the Bolivarian leadership and he specifically had opposed the expropriation of the Caracas golf courses announced by the mayor Barreto at the end of August last year. At that time Rangel said the government was fully for the respect of private property.

Marxists cannot but give full-hearted supported to the measures announced by Chavez. We have consistently argued that the Venezuelan revolution cannot stop halfway. Either it moves forward to the expropriation of the commanding heights of the economy, thus breaking the power of the oligarchy and imperialism, or the process could unravel, with the oligarchy using its control of the economy to carry out acts of sabotage and wear down the revolution.

The massive victory in the December elections was a clear signal that the masses want to move on and take on the oligarchy. Chavez's speech reflects this situation. It explains why he stated that, "Nothing or no-one will be able to push us off course in our pursuit of... Venezuelan socialism, our socialism." During his speech he specifically referred to the ideals of Marx and Lenin.

The reaction of the bourgeoisie internationally has been as could be expected. Alberto Ramos writing for Goldman Sachs has commented that, "These disconcerting policy announcements represent a clear turn into deeper nationalist and interventionist policies, which can lead to further erosion of business confidence and the country's macro and institutional fundamentals." Richard La Rosa, an equities trader at Activalores Sociedad de Corretaje CA said that, "We all expected some radical announcements after his swearing-in, but this took markets completely by surprise. We never imagined that he would name a company specifically. It left all of us in shock." He added that, "The big question in the marketplace is how are we going to be compensated? No one doubts of Chavez's intentions at this point." Many are making the comment that Chavez could go down the road that Cuba took back in the early 1960s, when Castro nationalised the bulk of the economy.
Chavez is to be sworn in tomorrow as President. This will be his third term in office and would take him up to 2013. The bourgeoisie in Venezuela and internationally is mounting a rabid hate campaign against Chavez as he moves further and further to the left. This is not by accident.

Their real material interests are at stake here. If Chavez goes all the way he will receive the enthusiastic support of the Venezuelan masses. In the recent period Chavez had spoken about making the revolutionary process in Venezuela "irreversible". There is only one way of doing that: expropriate the bourgeoisie and build a revolutionary state based on the working class.
When he says that it is necessary to "dismantle the bourgeois state" he is absolutely right. The present state is riddled with agents of the old regime. The big majority of civil servants and top state officials is still made up of people appointed in the past to serve the interests of the bourgeoisie. They cannot be trusted. Every day, every minute they are manoeuvring to block any progressive reform. They are trying to slow down the revolution, hoping to wear it down and prepare the ground for a return of the old regime. Chavez has often referred to bureaucratism and corruption at all levels that are blocking the revolutionary process.

What is needed is to shift the centre of action to the masses themselves. The only force that Chavez can really trust is that of the Venezuelan working class, the peasants and the poor. Now is the time for committees to be elected in all the factories and other workplaces, in the working class neighbourhoods. These should elect delegates to higher bodies, eventually leading to a national body. This would be the instrument that could "dismantle the bourgeois state" and build a "revolutionary state".

It is to be noted that one of the few companies specifically mentioned as being up for nationalisation is CANTV, where workers and former workers have been fighting for their rights and demanding nationalisation for the last few months. This will surely provide a new impetus to the struggle of workers at Sanitarios Maracay for nationalisation under workers' control.

The UNT should take the initiative of calling immediately a National Workers' Conference to discuss these measures and take concrete steps of the workers in key sectors of the economy to organise themselves the struggle for nationalisation under workers' control and pre-empt any attempt of the bosses to sabotage them or strip them of assets or valuable information. Such a Conference should also call for a national day of action of factory occupations in which the 800 companies already mentioned by Chavez a year and a half ago should be taken over and with them all strategic sectors of the economy should also be occupied by the workers.

Chavez sees the need to "deepen" the revolution. He understands that the revolution cannot stand still. It must move on. He can see that every time he tries to push the process further, the bureaucracy comes up with a thousand and one obstacles. He feels that he cannot make this state machine do what he wants. The only road is therefore to break this machine and build a new one based on the workers.

In the next few days we will provide a more in depth analysis of what is happening in Venezuela, but what is clear is that an acceleration of the whole process is taking place in Venezuela. If the Venezuelan revolution were victorious in the coming period it would be seen as a beacon by the masses of the whole of Latin America and beyond. It would usher in a new period of revolutions. That is why all genuine socialists, communists, cannot but be enthused by the new turn of events and give their full-hearted support to the revolution. The bourgeoisie is lining up internationally, using all it has, its control of the media, the economy and so on, to strike blows at the Venezuelan revolution. It is our duty in all countries to counter this with all our might.

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Fred Weston

Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society Leaders

(Washington, July 8, 2005) — In ordering the trial of four civil society leaders on dubious charges of treason, a Venezuelan court has assented to government persecution of political opponents, Human Rights Watch said today.
Yesterday, a court in Caracas ordered that María Corina Machado and Alejandro Plaz be tried on treason charges brought by a public prosecutor because their nongovernmental organization, Súmate, accepted foreign funds for a program that encouraged citizen participation in a referendum on President Hugo Chavez’s presidency in 2004. Two other Súmate leaders, Luis Enrique Palacios and Ricardo Estévez, will also be tried on charges of complicity with this alleged crime.

“The court has given the government a green light to persecute its opponents,” said José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch. “Prosecuting people for treason when they engage in legitimate electoral activities is utterly absurd.”

Machado and Plaz have been charged under article 132 of the Venezuelan Penal Code with “conspiracy to destroy the nation’s republican form of government.” If convicted, they face up to 16 years in prison.

Súmate engaged in voter outreach and education that encouraged participation in a national referendum to determine whether Chávez should remain in office. The Venezuelan Constitution establishes that elected officials can be subject to recall referendums solicited by at least 20 percent of the corresponding electorate. Chávez won the August referendum by a substantial margin.

The prosecution charged Machado and Plaz with violating Article 132 by receiving financial support for their referendum-related activities from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), an organization which is itself financed by the U.S. Congress. According to the NED, Súmate received US$31,150 which was used for workshops to educate citizens regarding Venezuela’s constitutional referendum process.

Venezuela: Rights Lawyer Faces Judicial Persecution
Criminal Investigation Launched to Intimidate Critic of Government’s Rights Record

(Washington, April 5, 2005) — The Venezuelan government should immediately halt criminal proceedings opened against one of Latin America’s most prominent human rights lawyers, Human Rights Watch said today.
Carlos Ayala Corao, a distinguished Venezuelan jurist and human rights expert, was summoned to appear this morning before a Caracas public prosecutor. The prosecutor was to notify Ayala of the opening of a criminal investigation against him, apparently for alleged involvement in the failed April 2002 coup against Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. Ayala, who is currently president of the nongovernmental Andean Commission of Jurists, is a former president of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.

Ayala appeared before the prosecutor who told him that his case had been postponed, and ordered him to present himself next week. He was given no explanation for the delay nor informed about the grounds of the investigation.

“This is a clear-cut case of political persecution, targeting someone who has been an effective critic of the Chávez government’s human rights record,” said José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch. “This outrageous accusation would be rejected out of hand in any independent court of law.”

Human Rights Watch urges Venezuelan Attorney General Isaías Rodríguez to halt immediately the judicial persecution of the distinguished human rights lawyer.

Carlos Ayala has been a prominent litigant in cases of human rights violations in Venezuela before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, often accompanying representatives of Venezuelan non-governmental human rights groups. On March 3 he participated in a special session of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights devoted to an examination of human rights in Venezuela. After the meeting, the commission issued a statement expressing concern at the situation of risk and stigmatization affecting human rights defenders in Venezuela.

During the aborted coup attempt, Ayala intervened to protect the rights of a pro-Chávez congressman who had been detained illegally and was being held incommunicado by the security services. The congressman, Tarek William Saab, subsequently thanked Ayala on television for his timely action. A special committee of the National Assembly that investigated the events of April 2002 also noted that Ayala waited for five hours outside police headquarters while he was seeking Tarek William Saab’s release.

Over the past year, the pro-Chávez majority in the Venezuelan legislature has severely weakened judicial independence in Venezuela. In December, the National Assembly named 12 new justices to the Supreme Court after a law passed the previous May enlarged the court from 20 to 32 members. The pro-Chávez coalition justifies the enlargement of the Supreme Court as a response to pro-opposition rulings, such as a highly questionable decision that absolved four military officers charged with participating in the 2002 coup.

Last month, following the new judicial appointments, the court’s Constitutional Chamber annulled the acquittals—a decision apparently without precedent in recent Venezuelan legal history.

Numerous recent newspaper articles indicate that the attorney general is currently considering criminal proceedings against more than 200 people for politically motivated offenses, including involvement in the coup attempt. Defense lawyers expect the number to rise significantly in the coming months.

“This case signals that the Venezuelan authorities have now decided to resort to criminal prosecutions as a tool to harass government critics,” said Vivanco.

Venezuela: Curbs on Free Expression Tightened

(Santiago, March 24, 2005) — Amendments to Venezuela’s Criminal Code that entered into force last week may stifle press criticism of government authorities and restrict the public’s ability to monitor government actions, Human Rights Watch said today.
“By broadening laws that punish disrespect for government authorities, the Venezuelan government has flouted international human rights principles that protect free expression,” said José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch. “While countries across Latin America are moving to repeal such laws, Venezuela has enacted further restrictions on the press that will shield officials from public scrutiny.”

The amendments extend the scope of existing provisions that make it a criminal offense to insult or show disrespect for the president and other government authorities. Venezuela’s measures run counter to a continent-wide trend to repeal such “disrespect” (or “desacato”) laws. In recent years, Argentina, Costa Rica, Paraguay, and Peru have already repealed such laws, and other countries like Chile and Panama are currently considering legislation that would do so.

The human rights bodies of the United Nations and of the Organization of American States have repeatedly urged states to repeal such provisions.

The president, vice-president, government ministers, state governors and members of the Supreme Court are already protected from disrespect under the law. The new provisions extend this protection to legislators of the National Assembly, members of the National Electoral Council, the attorney general, the public prosecutor, the human rights ombudsman, the treasury inspector, and members of the high military command.

Anyone convicted of offending these authorities could go to prison for up to 20 months. Anyone who gravely offends the president, on the other hand, can incur a penalty of up to 40 months in prison.

Other amendments increase the penalties for defamation and libel. Penalties for defamation have been increased from a maximum of 30 months of imprisonment to a new maximum of four years if the statement is made in a document distributed to the public. Those convicted would also have to pay a fine of up to 2,000 tax units (currently equivalent to more than US$ 27,000). The penalty for libel rises from a maximum jail term of three months to a new maximum of two years.

These changes to the criminal code follow a Law on the Social Responsibility of Radio and Television, which entered force in November and imposes wide-ranging administrative restrictions on radio and television broadcasting.

“These new provisions add to the arsenal of press restrictions already at the government’s disposal,” Vivanco said. “By further criminalizing criticism of government authorities, these laws will restrict the public’s ability to monitor abuse by those in power.”

Venezuela: Chávez Allies Pack Supreme Court

(Washington D.C., December 14, 2004) The Venezuelan Congress dealt a severe blow to judicial independence by packing the country’s Supreme Court with 12 new justices, Human Rights Watch said today. A majority of the ruling coalition, dominated by President Hugo Chávez’s party, named the justices late yesterday, filling seats created by a law passed in May that expanded the court’s size by more than half.
“Five years ago, President Chávez’s supporters helped to enshrine the principle of judicial independence in a new democratic constitution,” said José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch. “Now, by packing the country’s highest court, they are betraying that principle and degrading Venezuelan democracy.”

The law passed in May expanded the court from 20 to 32 members. In addition to the justices named to the 12 new seats, five justices were named to fill vacancies that had opened in recent months, and 32 more were named as reserve justices for the court. Members and allies of President Chávez’s Fifth Republic Movement (Movimiento V República, or MVR) form a majority in Congress.

In 1999 a constituent assembly convoked by President Chávez drafted a constitution that guarantees the independence of the judicial branch and the autonomy of the Supreme Court. The Constitution specifically seeks to guarantee the independence of Supreme Court justices by establishing an impeachment process according to which justices may only be removed for “serious offenses” by a two-thirds majority vote by Congress.

But in May, President Chávez signed a court-packing law that allowed his governing coalition in the legislature to obtain an overwhelming majority of seats on the country’s highest court. The 17 new justices (and 32 reserves) were selected yesterday by a simply majority vote of the governing coalition, which did not reveal the names of the nominees to the opposition members of Congress until the time of the vote.

The court-packing law signed in May also gave the governing coalition the power to remove judges from the Court without the two-thirds majority vote required under the constitution. In June, two justices retired after facing possible suspension from the Supreme Court as a result of these new provisions.

The political takeover of the Supreme Court will compound the damage already done to judicial independence by policies pursued by the court itself. The Supreme Court, which has administrative control over the judiciary, has failed to provide security of tenure to 80 percent of the country’s judges. In March, the court summarily fired three judges after they had decided politically controversial cases.

Chávez supporters have justified the court-packing effort largely as a response to pro-opposition rulings in a deeply divided court, such as a highly questionable decision that absolved military officers who participated in the 2002 coup.

“President Chávez and his supporters should be taking steps to strengthen the judiciary,” Vivanco said. “Instead, they are rigging the system to favor their own interests.”

Venezuela: Media Law Undercuts Freedom of Expression

(Washington, November 24, 2004) — A draft law to increase state control of television and radio broadcasting in Venezuela threatens to undermine the media’s freedom of expression, Human Rights Watch said today. Venezuela’s National Assembly, which has been voting article by article on the law, known as the Law of Social Responsibility in Radio and Television, is expected to approve it today.

“This legislation severely threatens press freedom in Venezuela,” said José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch. “Its vaguely worded restrictions and heavy penalties are a recipe for self-censorship by the press and arbitrariness by government authorities.”

Human Rights Watch is concerned that the proposed law contains loosely worded rules on incitement of breaches of public order that could penalize broadcasters’ legitimate expression of political views. If found responsible for the infractions, a television or radio station could be ordered to suspend transmissions for up to 72 hours, and have its broadcasting license revoked on a second offense.

These provisions violate international standards protecting free expression. Because of the importance of allowing a full and free public debate, the government must only impose restrictions on grounds of incitement where there is a clear relation between the speech in question and a specific criminal act.

Under the guise of protecting children from crude language, sexual content, and violence, the proposed law would also subject adults to restrictive and puritanical viewing standards. Several of the norms are ill-defined and subjective, and stations that infringe them would be subject to tough penalties.

For example, a station that broadcasts material considered to be “an affront to the integral education of children or adolescents” could face a fine of between 0.5 and 1 percent of its gross income in the previous tax year, a penalty that would apply for failure to comply with other regulations under the law. A combination of ill-defined norms and onerous fines would encourage pervasive self-censorship.

Television and radio stations would be obliged to transmit the government’s educational, informative or public safety broadcasts for up to 60 minutes a week. This is in addition to the president’s powers under article 192 of the Telecommunications Act (introduced in 2000 by the government of President Hugo

Chávez) to order stations to transmit in full his speeches and other political messages. Such an obligation is an illegitimate interference in editorial freedom.

The law establishes an 11-person Directorate of Social Responsibility, part of whose mandate is to enforce the law and punish infringements. Seven members of the directorate are government appointees. Its president, the Director General of the National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL), is appointed by the president and does not enjoy fixed tenure.

Until now, the Chávez government has largely respected press freedom even in the face of a strident and well-resourced opposition press. Indeed, as part of the often heated and acrimonious debate between supporters of the government and its opponents, the press has been able to express strong views without restriction. Private television companies have often adopted a blatantly partisan position, and their news and debate programs have been extremely hostile to the Chávez government.

At the same time, however, many journalists working for the primarily private media that support the opposition have been victims of aggression and intimidation by government supporters. And, to a lesser degree, journalists working for the primarily state media sympathetic to the government have also been subject to acts of intimidation.

Human Rights Watch supports legislation designed to encourage radio and television stations to promote a diverse and vibrant public debate. Any restrictions introduced by law, however, must be reasonable, necessary and proportionate to the public interest served. Broad or vaguely-defined restrictions, which if applied rigorously could lead to severe sanctions against broadcasters, only encourage self-censorship.

“Imposing a straitjacket on the media is not the way to promote democracy,” said Vivanco.

Venezuela
Human Rights under Threat

Introduction

Between 27 February and 4 March 2004 political violence erupted once again in Venezuela. Street protests and demonstrations by supporters of the opposition movement led to repeated violent confrontations with police and security forces in different parts of the country. There were also demonstrations by government supporters. According to information received by Amnesty International, in the context of the disturbances, as many as 14 people were killed in circumstances that have yet to be clarified and over 200 people were injured, with credible reports of excessive use of force by the security forces. There were also more than 500 detentions and a number of reports of ill-treatment and torture. Several police and security force officials were also reportedly injured in the frequently violent demonstrations. Both the government and opposition sought to gain political advantage from the disturbances: the opposition focussed on allegations of abuses by the security forces, while the administration stressed the violence used by protestors and justified the response of the security forces as proportionate and within the law.

Amnesty International believes that the Venezuela government had a clear duty to guarantee public order in the face of frequently violent protests - which included the use of firearms by some protestors. However, there is strong evidence that the use of rubber bullets, tear gas and batons was frequently indiscriminate and disproportionate and significantly contributed to a week of spiralling violence rather than preventing it.

Furthermore, the cases included in this report indicate that several of those detained were not only not involved in criminal acts prior to detention, but then faced ill-treatment and torture while in the custody of the security forces. Reports received also indicate that subsequent investigations undertaken by the Cuerpo de Investigaciones Científicas, Penales y Criminalísticas (CICPC)(1), Technical Police, Fiscalía General de la Nación , Attorney General’s Office, and Defensoría del Pueblo, Human Rights Ombudsman’s Office, to establish the facts around these alleged abuses and prosecute those responsible have been slow and inadequate. In comparison, these same authorities have acted with energy against opposition activists who allegedly participated in or incited violence. Over recent years, these institutions have failed to fulfil their constitutional role to act with equal impartiality against government supporters and opponents accused of committing crimes related to the ongoing political crisis. This lack of impartiality, combined with long standing structural weaknesses of these key institutions, threatens to strengthen the culture of impunity that has accompanied human rights abuses over many years in Venezuela.

While President Chávez’s administration introduced several important improvements in the 1999 constitution to protect civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural rights, many of these have remained unimplemented. The political crisis that has dominated Venezuela since 2001 has exacerbated long standing institutional weaknesses and further undermined the impartiality, independence and effectiveness of key institutions such as the Judiciary, Fiscalía General de la Nación, the Defensoría del Pueblo, the Cuerpo de Investigaciones Científicas, Penales y Criminalísticas (CICPC), state and municipal police and the Military, all of whom to a greater or lesser extent have become political actors in the crisis.

On 18 March 2004 the Inter American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) published a major country report on Venezuela (Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Venezuela, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.118) highlighting many of these serious longstanding institutional weaknesses related to the rule of law and the respect for civil and political rights. The IACHR recommendations provide a clear blueprint for the government to tackle these issues and strengthen the effectiveness and impartiality of key branches of the State, particularly the justice sector.

Background

Hugo Chávez was democratically elected president in 1998 and, after the approval of a new constitution in 1999, was re-elected for a further six-year term in 2000. Chávez, an ex-army officer who led a failed coup d’etat in 1992, established the Fifth Republic Movement (Movimiento Quinta República - MVR), as an independent electoral force distinct from the traditional political parties. His administration committed itself to ending the corruption associated with the ruling political class and addressing longstanding social injustices, which have made Venezuela one of most unequal societies in the region. In 2001, as a result of President Chávez’s pushing through legislation on a number of controversial economic and social policies, several former allies withdrew their support for the president’s political movement and joined forces with those opposed to the administration. In the same year, these opposition sectors - led by traditional political parties, the private media and business interests and the largest trade union - began concerted efforts to force President Chávez from office. President Chávez has maintained considerable support, particularly amongst Venezuela’s poor and excluded, where social projects have been targeted.

The confrontation between the government and the opposition has been characterised by violent discourse, with the private media explicitly supporting the opposition and the state media backing the administration. In the process both sides have sought to de-legitimise and demonise the other and have encouraged a polarized and violently intolerant climate in many parts of the country. The administration has been accused of inciting supporters to threaten and attack media workers who are identified with the opposition and many of these cases have never been adequately investigated by the authorities. There have been regular mass pro- and anti-government demonstrations that on a number of occasions have resulted in violent clashes between the different groups of demonstrators and the police and security forces, with several allegations of excessive use of force by security forces.

In April 2002 the confrontation between the opposition and the government led to wide-scale political violence and a short lived coup d’etat forcing the president from office for 48 hours, leaving at least 50 people dead and many more wounded. The human rights violations committed in this context have not been clarified and virtually all those allegedly responsible have avoided prosecution.

At the end of 2002 the opposition once again tried to force President Chávez from office with an indefinite national strike, particularly affecting Venezuela’s crucial oil industry. The strike, which lasted until February 2003, failed in its objective, but had a crippling impact on the economy. In its aftermath negotiations mediated by the Carter Centre(2) and the Organization of American States (OAS) led in May 2003 to an agreement between the government and the opposition umbrella organization, the Coordinadora Democrática, committing both sides to seek a "constitutional, peaceful, democratic and electoral solution" to the crisis. This has focussed on the opposition petition for a recall referendum against President Chávez(3). Under the constitution such a referendum may take place after half the president’s term of office and if 20% of the electorate sign a recall petition. After many months of wrangling, a National Electoral Council (CNE) was formed to oversee the process. In December 2003, amidst government claims of widespread fraud, signatures were collected under the auspices of the CNE and international monitors. The CNE then took two further months in the initial process to check the authenticity of the signatures.

During 2003 there were frequent rumours of impending coup d’etats and continuing polarization - the government accused the opposition of conspiring by non-constitutional means to bring down the democratically elected government, such as occurred in April 2002. The opposition accused the government of trying to cling to power through its monopoly control of all key branches of the state. Despite this, the political negotiations between the sides contributed to a reduction in reports of political violence.

Nevertheless, at the end of February 2004 it became clear that the CNE, which the opposition accuse of government bias, would not accept as valid sufficient signatures to trigger the referendum. The opposition required 2.4 million signatures to trigger the referendum, and claim they collected 3.2 million, but the electoral authority’s preliminary decision recognised only 1.8 million as valid, requiring more than 800,000 to be re-authenticated and the remaining signatures were ruled invalid. The OAS and the Carter Center said that they had "some discrepancies with the CNE over the verification criteria"(4), but called on the opposition to remain within the process for establishing the re-authentication procedures.

On 27 February a summit of G15 leaders from the developing world was held in central Caracas. The opposition called a demonstration rejecting the decision of the CNE. Government authorities granted permission for a small delegation of opposition leaders to present a statement to G15 participants, while refusing the main body of opposition demonstrators access to the location of the summit. However, pro-government supporters were allowed to demonstrate in the locality, reflecting what the opposition allege is unequal treatment of opposition and pro-government demonstrations.

While the opposition and the government blame each other for the rapid manner in which the demonstrations led to violent confrontation, over the following days there were street protests in many different parts of Venezuela. The majority of demonstrations were by opposition supporters protesting at the CNE decision (which was finally made public on 2 March), though there were a number of pro-government protests supporting the decision.

Many demonstrations rapidly became violent confrontations between the Guardia Nacional (GN), National Guard(5) and groups of opposition supporters using barricades, stones, Molotov cocktails and firework rockets. There were also several reports of protesters using firearms. In this context, there were clearly legitimate public security concerns, which the authorities had a duty to respond to. However, as has happened repeatedly in Venezuela’s history, Amnesty International believes security forces responding to serious breaches in public order on a number of occasions employed excessive use of force to disperse or detain demonstrators, and subsequently subjected several detainees to ill-treatment or torture.

These types of human rights violations committed by police and security forces have occurred in Venezuela over many years, particularly in situations of mass public demonstrations or civil disturbances. In 1989, in what is known as the "Caracazo", over 250 people were killed in the context of security forces’ response to massive street protests and civil disorder. In 1992 the security forces intervention in the Catia detention centre led to the deaths of over 60 inmates. Neither of these incidents have ever been effectively investigated to establish criminal responsibility of violations of the right to life and physical integrity. Abuses of this nature have taken place due to poor training of officials, inadequate command and control structures and the absence of effective measures to ensure accountability. Most of all, the impunity that accompanies these abuses sends a clear message to the police and security officials that such conduct will remain unpunished and can continue to be a feature of policing and security operations.

In recent years Amnesty International and national human rights organizations have also documented extra legal killings, torture and other serious human rights violations committed by police and security forces in the context of social cleansing or combating common crime in different parts of the country. These cases, often affecting poor and marginalized communities, gain little public attention and receive an equally inadequate official response; exposing the victims and their families to threats and intimidation and leaving members of the police and security forces responsible free to commit further human rights violations.

As part of its ruling on the Caracazo case, The Inter American Court on Human Rights recently called on the Venezuelan government to review its training, procedures and operational plans for the security forces to respond to serious civil disturbances in order that international standards on the minimum use of force and firearms(6) are followed to prevent events similar to those of 1989. Amnesty International is not aware of any steps officially taken by the Venezuela government to comply with this ruling.

In the civil disturbances of 27 February to 4 March 2004 Amnesty International recognises that wide scale indiscriminate or extrajudicial killings were avoided in the face of frequently violent demonstrations. However, rather than acknowledge the use of excessive force and torture in a significant number of cases and ensure full, thorough and impartial investigations, the authorities made numerous public statements offering unqualified support for the conduct of the security forces and sought to dismiss or downplay allegations of human rights violations as merely part of the opposition strategy to discredit the government. The government only reluctantly agreed the need to investigate alleged abuses in the face of numerous complaints and strong national and international pressure.

Ill-treatment and torture
Amnesty International has documented ill-treatment and torture and excessive use of force by the police and security forces over many years in Venezuela. Article 46 of the 1999 Constitution guarantees the right to physical integrity; to be free from torture or ill-treatment; of detainees to be treated with dignity; and of victims of these abuses to rehabilitation. It also stipulates that any state official responsible for causing, instigating or tolerating ill-treatment or mental or physical suffering will be punished according to law. In November 2002, the United Nations Committee against Torture welcomed such key elements of the 1999 Constitution and a number of other advances in the legal framework to prevent and punish acts of torture, but expressed concern at the continuing incidence of torture cases and the failure to investigate or punish those responsible. The Committee called for the introduction of specific anti-torture legislation to make effective the Constitutional prohibition. Despite efforts by national human rights organizations to advance both the legal and practical efforts to combat torture, no substantive progress has been made since the Committee made its recommendations. The inadequate legal framework, the absence of effective investigations and the increasing lack of credibility of institutions such as the CICPC, Attorney General’s Office and the Defensoría del Pueblo, continue to make impunity for crimes of ill-treatment, torture or excessive use of force the norm.

According to information gathered by Amnesty International, on 1 March Carlos Eduardo Izcaray, a cellist with the Venezuela Symphony Orchestra and music teacher, was reportedly a bystander as opposition demonstrators clashed violently with the Guardia Nacional (GN), National Guard in Altamira, a middleclass neighbourhood in Caracas known for its fervent opposition to the Chávez government. Opposition demonstrators had erected barricades with burning tyres and rubbish and were throwing stones and bottles and firing fireworks at GN lines, who fired tear gas and rubber bullets at protestors. According to Carlos Izcaray, he was not participating in the protest but merely observing. However, as the situation became increasingly violent he tried to leave the area, only to be detained by members of the GN who reportedly beat him with their baton (rolos y peinillas) and fists and dragged him by the hair. According to the victim, he was repeatedly insulted and beaten as he was taken to the rear of the GN lines and forced into the back of a GN truck. He was made to sit in a corner with 3 other detainees and was beaten around the head and the back of the neck with different objects, including GN helmets, traffic cones and tear gas canisters. Members of the GN reportedly shouted "Now you’re going to see who the Nacional Guard are" ("ahora si van a ver quien es la Guardia Nacional"). He was repeatedly insulted and one official forced his pistol into his mouth and compelled him to repeat humiliating phrases. Tear gas powder was repeatedly rubbed into his face and hair then water was thrown on him to increase the burning of the powder. Detainees were made to inhale tear gas fumes, while the GN present wore gas masks.

Later, a member of the GN, who had apparently come from the street battles taking place with demonstrators, told his colleagues in the truck that a GN had been wounded by demonstrators. Threatening to kill the detainees in reprisal, the members of the GN reportedly told them: "You have to be killed, we are going to kill you" ("A Uds. hay que matarlos, los vamos a matar"). Two further detainees were put in the truck then the rear flap was closed and a tear gas canister was fired in. Carlos Izcaray has stated: "The gas was burning my lungs.. I felt as if I was going to die" ("Este gas me quemaba los pulmones…sentí como que me iba a morir"). When he tried to put his head out the side of the truck to breath he was beaten back inside. The GN finally allowed the detainees out of the truck to breath, but then beat them further on the back, buttocks and knees.

The prisoners were then forced back in the truck and taken to the GN barracks (Destacamento) 51 where they were made to line up outside with two other detainees – one of the original detainees who had reportedly been arrested in possession of a firearm was separated from the group at this time. They were then beaten again and one of the GN present reportedly applied electric shocks to the back of their necks and hands. A senior officer then approached and began to question the detainees about their involvement in the demonstrations and told them that under emergency measures they were all going to be imprisoned in La Planta prison pending their trial. However, the detainees were not transferred, but held on a bus overnight and subjected to further beatings and forced inhalation of tear gas as members of the GN reportedly tried to compel them to admit to participating in violent acts in the demonstration.

Photo caption: Injuries to the back and buttocks of Carlos Eduardo

Izcaray (© private)

The medical report from the clinic on 4 March states that was he suffering from generalized multiple traumas; second degree burns on the back of neck; severe dehydration; rabdomyolisis (kidney damage); Trauma to neck vertebra (Traumatismo raquimedular cervical); damage to nerve of right elbow.

On 5 March he filed a legal complaint with the Attorney General’s Office and underwent an official medical forensic examination on 8 March, the findings of which he was not allowed to see. A few days later Fiscal No 126 was assigned to investigate the case. At the time of writing, the victim was only aware of the investigating authorities taking two statements from members of his family who had collected him from the GN barracks when he was released.

On 26 March the prosecutor in charge of the case reportedly called Carlos Izcaray, requesting that he accompany him to the GN base in order to carry out an identity parade. Carlos Izcary and his legal representatives rejected this suggestion; pointing out that such a procedure would not meet minimum standards required for an identity parade and would expose Carlos Izcaray to further trauma and potential threat. At the time of writing, Carlos Izcaray had received no further information from the prosecutor regarding steps to identify and prosecute those responsible for his ill-treatment and torture.

According to information received by Amnesty International, on 1 March, 23 year-old student Deivis Jordan Meneses de Freitas was walking home from the chemist where he works in San Antonio de los Altos, a small town near Caracas in Miranda state.

Photo caption: Injuries to the legs of Deivis Jordán Meneses

de Frietas (© COFAVIC)

After a number of hours a GN officer reportedly ordered his subordinates "to give each of them another batoning then let them go"("denle un rolazo a cada uno y que se vaya."). Deivis Meneses reported that one of those to give the last beating was a military policeman who expressed his intense hatred of the detainees, repeatedly insulting them and calling them "escualidos(7)". According to Deivis Meneses, they were held for four hours without ever being taken to an appropriate facility, neither being allowed to call a lawyer or their families. When he asked for medical attention for his bleeding leg and swollen hand, he was told "that is not our problem" ("eso no es nuestro problema"). Finally, the GN released Deivis Meneses along with the other detainees. None of the men was charged or interviewed in relation to their involvement in the demonstration.

Deivis Meneses reported the treatment he had suffered at the hands of the GN and Military Police to the Attorney General’s Office and an investigation has been opened in the First Prosecutor’s Office of the Public Ministry of Miranda State, Fiscalía Primera del Ministerio Público del Estado de Miranda. On 3 March he was examined at the Medical forensics facility (Medicatura Forense) of los Teques, part of the CICPC. Amnesty International is not aware what steps have been taken by the investigating authorities to identify the officials responsible for participating in or being complicit in the ill-treatment and torture of Deivis Meneses and the other detainees.

Amnesty International has received information on several other cases of ill-treatment of detainees in the context of the civil disturbances. Many victims were reportedly unwilling to file a legal complaint with the authorities, apparently because they feared reprisals or doubted the willingness of the authorities to investigate with impartiality.

It is vital that the authorities guarantee the safety of victims, relatives and witnesses of human rights violations in order to encourage them to make complaints and improve the effectiveness of investigations and prosecutions. The lack of a proper witness protection program has been a longstanding factor undermining both the reporting and the investigation of human rights violations. It is the authorities’ responsibility to ensure that victims, relatives and witnesses can come forward to file reports and provide evidence without fear of reprisal, confident that the authorities will act effectively to investigate the complaint. However, it is also the responsibility of society, including the opposition and the media, to encourage citizens to report human rights violations through official channels as well as reputable non-governmental human rights organizations. Only by doing so will the scale of alleged abuses be known and official institutions be challenged into living up to their constitutional obligations to provide judicial remedy for the victims.

Deaths

"The right to life is inviolable" ("El derecho a la vida es inviolable"), Article 43 of the 1999 Bolivarian Constitution.

Human rights organizations have reported that up to 14 people were killed in the context of the civil disturbances between 27 and 4 March. The circumstances surrounding the deaths remain confused, though opposition-supporting media repeatedly accused the security forces of responsibility.

On 9 March the Minister of Interior and Justice, Lucas Rincón Romero, and the head of the CICPC, Marcos Chávez, made public statements blaming the media and other opposition elements for the violence and particularly the deaths, categorically denying the deaths were the responsibility of the security forces. This statement was made only days after the deaths occurred and apparently based on evidence that none of the ballistics tests carried out by the CICPC on the victims matched the calibre of standard issue GN weapons, known as FAL. At the same time, other tests carried out with virtually unprecedented speed on a number of the victims, appeared to demonstrate some had chemical residues on their hands indicating that they had fired weapons, suggesting that the victims were involved in exchanges of fire with other civilians, but not the security forces.

The CICPC is responsible for carrying out the technical investigation arising from criminal acts. However, the categorical statements issued by the head of this force, on the basis of limited evidence and the unprecedented speed with which the official investigation appeared to confirm the authorities’ version of events raises serious concern about the impartiality of this institution in the conduct of the investigations.

In a research mission by Amnesty International to the states of Anzoategui and Bolivar in 2002 to investigate reported extrajudicial killings by police officers in the context of "social cleansing" operations, the organization found in several cases that CICPC investigators failed to conduct serious investigations against members of the police or security forces accused of human rights violations, fatally undermining prosecutions and leaving victims and their relatives without redress.

The failure of the CICPC and the Attorney General’s Office to effectively investigate the events of 11 April 2002 during the failed coup d’etat against President Chávez, when at least 50 people were killed and many more were wounded over 3 days, has also raised doubts about the capacity or willingness of these key institutions to conduct impartial and effective investigations in politically sensitive cases.

On 24 March 2004 the Defensoría del Pueblo, the state human rights ombudsman, issued a preliminary report on the allegations of human rights violations that occurred during the events of 27 and 4 March. While the report urges investigations into allegations of excessive use of force, it accepts without question the impartiality of the investigations of the CICPC and the Attorney General’s Office. In the case of William Jesús Álvarez Morales who was shot in the back and killed in the Urbanización (Residential complex) la California on 2 March, the Defensoria del Pueblo accepted CICPC evidence that the victim had himself fired a gun, despite the existence of testimony contradicting this evidence and serious questions about the manner in which the CICPC took samples from the body of the victim and carried out chemical residue tests. The preliminary report by the Defensoría del Pueblo, does not provide an independent or impartial analysis of the conduct of the security forces or the subsequent investigations, but largely endorses the view of events of the administration. The credibility of the Defensoría del Pueblo, which human rights organizations have repeatedly criticised for failing in its constitutional role to expose human rights violations and pressure the authorities to act appropriately, has been further called into question by its failure to respond impartially to allegations of human rights violations committed during the actual events of 27 February to 4 March 2004 and subsequently with the publication of the report.

Cosme Biella

According to information received by Amnesty International, on the evening of 1 March 2004 66 year-old Cosme Biella was returning to his home in the large Urbanizacion (Residential complex) Miranda outside Caracas. When he arrived near the residential complex, he rang his home to tell his family he was being diverted to another route by the Municipal Police of Sucre, who had informed him that there was shooting between municipal police and residents at the security gates of the Urbanización. He asked his son to go to the gate to check if this was true. When his son arrived at the gate five minutes later he called his father’s mobile phone but received no reply. After waiting for 30 minutes near the gate where shots were being exchanged, his mother phoned to say that the Municipal Police of Sucre had called and told her that Cosme Biella had suffered a serious gunshot wound when confronting an armed robber and that he had been taken to hospital. When the victim’s wife and son arrived at the hospital they found that he was already dead. Hospital records indicate that Cosme Biella was already dead on arrival and later the official autopsy reportedly indicated that the bullet would have caused virtually immediate death. As a result, it appears that the police illegally moved the body from the crime scene. The family also reported that none of Cosme Biella’s possessions and money had been stolen, despite the alleged attempted robbery.

The case was originally filed with the CICPC and a prosecutor assigned. Police investigators from the central office of the CICPC in Caracas have informed relatives that the whole family will be required to testify. At the time of writing only one family member had been interviewed.

The circumstances in which Cosme Biella was killed are not clear. The family report that they were informally told by an eyewitness that police were responsible for his death; however, the witness reportedly refused to make a statement. The family also claim that one of Cosme Biella’s sons has been advised by local officials not to try to push for investigations into his father’s death or the family may face reprisals.

As with the other deaths that occurred in the context of the recent civil disturbances, there is not so far sufficient evidence to identify those responsible. Nevertheless the response of institutions such as the Attorney General’s Office, the CICPC and the Defensoría del Pueblo has not demonstrated a proper commitment to establish the facts surrounding the deaths and bring those responsible to justice, whoever they may be. While these institutions have never enjoyed the confidence of large sections of the population, their inefficient and dismissive response to these cases indicates a growing lack of impartiality, which risks further weakening the justice system and strengthening impunity.

Detentions and criminal proceedings

Between 27 February and 4 March at least 500 people were detained by the police and security forces in the context of the frequently violent demonstrations. Many of those detained were held incommunicado for several hours before being released. As shown in this report, in a number of cases these detainees suffered ill-treatment or torture. In some cases, opposition parties reported that activists had "disappeared" after detention by the security forces, particularly the Internal Security Agency, Dirección General de los Servicios de Inteligencia y Prevención (DISIP), which carried out a number of detentions. Amnesty International has not been able to confirm any continuing cases of forced disappearance.

In other cases, suspects were detained then brought before prosecutors and judges and formally placed in custody facing charges such as resisting arrest (resistencia a la autoridad), incitement to commit crime (instigación a delinquir) or causing criminal damage. President Chávez’s administration has claimed that these detentions and criminal proceedings were carried out by police and prosecutors legitimately against individuals suspected of being responsible for or inciting serious breaches in public order. Opposition parties claim that these individuals were not involved in criminal acts, but detained and charged because of their political activism or involvement in the demonstrations.

The majority of those charged were remanded in to custody by judges. Two judges, María Trastoy Hombre y Petra Jiménez, who ordered the release of a number of detainees, were relieved of their posts on disciplinary grounds. The authorities have claimed that the Supreme Court disciplinary process against the two judges predated their decision to release the detainees. However, reports received by Amnesty International indicate that the disciplinary procedures were not followed strictly with the apparent intention of securing the judges’ immediate dismissal.

Opposition parties have claimed that a number of political leaders and activists are facing criminal prosecution on the basis of fabricated evidence and that the charges against them are politically motivated. Amnesty International has not been able to confirm these allegations, but continues to monitor closely these cases in order to assess whether the procedures followed guarantee the due process rights of defendants and meet international fair trial standards as set out in American Convention on Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and other treaties.

Nevertheless, Amnesty International believes that there is a clear disparity in the urgency and resources made available to investigate and prosecute those suspected of participating in or encouraging the week of demonstrations, compared to official efforts to investigate and prosecute those members of the security forces or police allegedly responsible for or complicit in human rights violations. While the systemic ineffectiveness of the judicial system pre-dates the present administration – denying access to justice to large sections of the population - the increasing lack of impartiality in the functioning of key security and judicial institutions, such as the military, police, DISIP, CICPC, Attorney General’s Office, Judiciary and Defensoría de Pueblo, is further undermining the rule of law. Unless and until these institutions begin to fulfil their constitutional roles both effectively and impartially, then human rights and the rule of law will remain at risk.

Reporting human rights violations and human rights organizations

Venezuela has many reputable and longstanding non-governmental human rights organizations which have documented and attempted to seek redress for human rights abuses over many years. These organizations play a crucial role in helping draw attention to abuses by state agents and assessing the Venezuelan government’s compliance with its international human rights commitments, both in the sphere of civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights. Organizations such as Programa Venezolano de Educación-Acción en Derechos Humanos (Provea), Venezuelan Programme for Human Rights Education-Action, Red de Apoyo por la Justicia y la Paz, Justice and Peace Support Network, COFAVIC (Comité de Familiares y Víctimas de los sucesos de febrero y marzo de 1989, Committee of Families and Victims of the events of February and March 1989) and other members of the national human rights coalition, Foro por la Vida, Forum for Life, play a critical and constructive role in highlighting these issues and urging the authorities to fulfil their duties. However, in the present crisis all too frequently these organizations have either been ignored or criticised by the government and the opposition for failing to take sides in the political dispute and because they have reminded both sides of their duty to protect and strengthen the rule of law and human rights and to resolve the crisis through peaceful, democratic and constitutional means.

In the present crisis, where confidence in official institutions such as the police, the CICPC, the Attorney General’s Office, the Judiciary and the Defensoría del Pueblo has been eroded, human rights organizations play a crucial role in receiving and documenting complaints of violations and assisting the victims and their families in their struggle for justice. Human rights organizations such as COFAVIC have received a number of threats over recent years in apparent reprisal for highlighting abuses. Since the events of February and March 2004, the organization has reportedly received more email and telephone threats.

In January President Chávez sought to undermine the legitimacy of a number of reputable human rights organizations, such as Provea and the Red de Apoyo, by questioning their links to international organizations and making unfounded allegations of links to foreign governments. The public statements by President Chávez are in direct opposition to the 1999 UN Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and risks encouraging further threats and attacks on human rights defenders. It is vital that the government and the opposition publicly recognise the legitimate role of human rights organizations and make clear that any harassment of human rights activists will not be tolerated.

Conclusions

While many opposition supporters took part in legitimate peaceful demonstrations, a significant number of these protests were violent with the use of barricades, stones, Molotov cocktails, and fireworks and, in some cases, firearms. It is the duty of the state to guarantee public order, respecting the rule of law in accordance with international standards. However, the response of the Guardia Nacional and other branches of the security forces frequently involved excessive use of force, apparently contributing to spiralling violence rather than preventing or controlling it.

At least 14 people died in the context of the disturbances in circumstances that have yet to be clarified. Several of those who were detained were severely ill-treated or tortured by members of the security forces, violating the fundamental rights of detained persons and the right to physical and mental integrity.

Key institutions entrusted with the control of public order and the investigation and prosecution of criminal acts - including human rights violations - suffer from systemic long-term failings. These institutions have been further weakened by their lack of impartiality in the present political crisis. As a result, officials have frequently downplayed the deaths that occurred during the disturbances and allegations of human rights violations committed by state agents, and investigations into these incidents have been seriously inadequate. The failure of the justice sector to guarantee an impartial and effective response to these incidents has further undermined the credibility of key institutions in many sectors of the public opinion, making it harder to report abuses and tackle impunity.

Unless these institutions begin to tackle all serious human rights violations, particularly the right to life and physical integrity, effectively and impartially, whether in the context of present political crisis or abuses committed by police in the form of "social cleansing", then impunity will be strengthened and the state will continue to fail its obligation to uphold the rule of law and prevent and punish human rights violations as established in the constitution and the international treaties to which Venezuela is a state party.

Recommendations

In January 2003 Amnesty International published "A Human Rights Agenda for the Current Crisis" (AMR53/001/2003). The recommendations included in that report focus on the need to strengthen the administration of justice and end impunity; depoliticise the armed and security forces; guarantee freedom of expression and the right to information; and the need to tackle the underlying causes of Venezuela’s political crisis of poverty and marginalization. Amnesty International believes that all sections of society, including the authorities and the opposition, should act on this human rights agenda to overcome the present crisis and ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law. In addition, the organization is calling for the implementation of a number of recommendations specifically to deal with issues that have been highlighted in this report.

Condemn and prevent human rights violations

Condemn all human rights violations whoever is responsible;
Refrain from making unsubstantiated statements about alleged responsibility for abuses;
Ensure all protests and demonstrations are conducted peacefully within the law. Both government and opposition leaders should clearly indicate to their supporters that all protest actions should not endanger or violate the human rights of other citizens;
Ensure policing of protests is carried out within the law, respecting the right to peaceful protest and ensuring security measures are proportionate with the level of potential threat.

Police and security forces:

Ensure that training and operational procedures comply with UN guidelines on minimum use of force and firearms.
Review procedures for the use of tear gas and rubber bullets in order that these are used a as final option before the use of lethal force and do not contribute to increased violence;
Ensure chain of command authority and that any officer suspected of having ordered, tolerated or covered up abuses is investigated and punished;
Ensure military and police carry out their duties to guarantee the rule of law and human rights impartially.

Torture and ill treatment and unlawful killings:

An effective mechanism should be established for reporting complaints so that victims, relatives and witnesses can file legal complaints without fear of reprisal and will be confident that the authorities will act properly and impartially;
Any allegation of torture, ill-treatment or unlawful killings should be promptly and impartially investigated by an independent body. The accused official should be suspended whilst the enquiry is conducted. The findings of the enquiry should be made public. Any official found responsible should be prosecuted and prevented from serving in the police or security forces in the future. Victims should receive adequate reparations.
Urgent steps should be taken to fulfil the obligations set out in the UN Convention against Torture and the Inter American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture to introduce domestic legislation, in accordance with these international standards, to criminalize torture and ill-treatment committed by state agents or with their consent or acquiescence.
Investigation of allegations unlawful killings should follow the UN Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions.
Detentions

The fundamental rights of all detained persons should be guaranteed as set out in the UN Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, 1988;
Any violations in the detentions procedures should be fully investigated;
The right to due process and a fair trial to all persons facing a criminal process should be enforced with impartiality in accordance with American Convention on Human Rights, the ICCPR and other treaties.

Investigative and judicial procedures

All allegations of human rights violations should be investigated promptly, thoroughly, impartially and independently. Any failure of the institution to conduct such an investigation should lead to immediate review of the fairness and thoroughness of the investigative procedure. Any official not carrying out his or her duties on this basis should face disciplinary investigation;
Steps should be taken urgently to strengthen the efficiency, independence and impartiality of Judiciary, the Attorney General’s Office and the Defenoría del Pueblo in line with international standards(8);
Strengthen capacity of CICPC to carry out technically high quality and impartial investigations under the supervision of the Attorney General’s Office. The work of both these institutions should be open to effective scrutiny;
Make the medical forensic institutions independent of the CICPC and other branches of the executive and ensure the introduction of clear forensic procedures guidelines to improve evidence gathering and assessment.

Human Rights Defenders

Ensure that human rights defenders can carry out their legitimate activities without fear of reprisal and with the full cooperation of the authorities, in line with the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders.
Condemn, investigate and punish promptly and thoroughly attacks, threats or intimidation of human rights defenders.

International experts and recommendations

Request the participation of international experts from the United Nations or Inter American Commission or Court on Human Rights in torture and other serious human rights violations to visit and assess criminal investigations undertaken by the authorities to demonstrate their efficiency and impartiality and make recommendations on how to strengthen the functioning and credibility of the justice system;
Implement the recommendations of international human right organizations, such as the UN and the IACHR, in particular those included in the recently published report by the IACHR.********

(1) The Scientific, Penal and Criminal Investigations Unit (CICPC) is the Technical Police who carry out criminal investigations under the supervision of the Attorney General’s Office. The CICPC replaced the Judicial Police in 2001 as part of recent reforms to judicial procedures. It is attached to the Ministry of Interior and Justice.

(2) The Carter Center, according to its website is "guided by a fundamental commitment to human rights and the alleviation of human suffering; it seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and improve health." www.cartercenter.org/

(3) Government supporters have also petitioned for referenda against opposition deputees in the National Assembly.

(4) Carter Centre and OAS statement issued on 2 March , ref

http://www.cartercenter.org/viewdoc.asp?docID=1631&submenu=news

(5) The National Guard is part of the armed forces, rather than the police.

(6) Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, 1990; Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, December 1979.

(7) A word used by supporters of the government to insult middleclass supporters of the opposition.

(8) UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary,1985; Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors

September 1990.

AI Index: AMR 53/005/2004 12 May 2004

Comments

Hide the following 28 comments

really?

12.01.2007 23:47

"The serious bourgeois analysts understand what the Marxists understand. Capitalism could be eradicated in Venezuela quite easily."

the kind of 'Marxists' who believe in 'socialism in one country' don't have a very good track record do they? It's pretty nuts to ask communists to give wholehearted (and thus presumably uncritical) support to Chavez, when at best he is responding to popular demands/proletarian strength (and cynics would say seeking to recuperate that strength with populist radical social democratic, i.e. state capitalist, policies). i there are genuine moves towards direct democracy and grassroots control in venezuela, that's a plus, but if they're to be outside the state, and thus potentially revolutionary (a revolutionary state is a contradiction in terms), they will need to be based on initiative from the base, not top-down state programs, and so our solidarity should always be with venezuelan workers (who may be Chavistas to a greater or lesser degree), rather than the man/party/state.

anarcho-commie

Ha!

13.01.2007 00:15

Fuck Chavez and his poor huamn rights record!

Rose West

Goodluck Chavez

13.01.2007 03:25

But do not betray the workers, the environment,the peasants & indigenous population in the name of the proletarian vangaurd revolution. Anarchists & the international rebel alliance against capitalist supports struggles against corporate fascism just like we did we during the Russian Revolution where the peoples anarchist & marxist militias defeated fascism & the Tsarism.
But after this under Stalins then willing servant Leon Trotsky,real name Lev Bronstein himself lead death squads in murdering anarchists & sailors at Kronstadt & peasants in the Ukraine who only wanted true revolution.
Do not make the same mistakes, remember Lev Bronstein's sad end,
Do not let history repeat!
Long live the Revolution!
no pasaran!

http://www.iww.org/

http://earthfirst.org.uk/actionreports/

Joni

Additional information on the Chav

13.01.2007 12:01

http://www.hrw.org/doc?t=americas&c=venezu

Cynical of Tunbridge Wells

to be fair

13.01.2007 14:41

some of those human rights watch bits are suspect as hell, i mean if chavez was funding a powerful US opposition movement/NGO i'd expect it to get shut down by the state, most countries have laws against foreign funding of electoral activities.

Passes through a Revolution

13.01.2007 14:56

Eradicate the Fascists, Revolution will grow

Our Road to Socialism

Fuck 'Ha',
his accused for poor human rights!!
There are two possibilities 1. u didnt bother to read anything for Chavez
2. u are stupid

Chavez has been accused that he put into trial those that were responsible for the coop!!!
Any president and any country will do that...
except the USA that will kill without questioning... The American Way
and Britain... that help Pinochet

Think what will happen here at the UK if somebody try to ovethrow the goverment...
no comments.. we all know the destiny of the people responsible for the coop
Furthermore, think what if Venezuela and Chavez was packing this coop...
Venezuela will become ashes... Venezuela and Chavez havent done this to USA, thaks god

Its time the USA and Britain politicians to understand that the choice of goverment is people choices and not their choice.., Its time for USA and Britain to learn the word democracy and the correct definition
If they cant find in the dictionary then I should writte it then:
People are able to freely chooce their goverment
and NOT a goverment that support the British and American big bussines

The road to Socialism goes through a Revolution

Road to Socialism

I seee...

13.01.2007 18:48

When HRW reports against Israel they are to be believed. When they report against Hizbollah and suspect shits like Chavez, they are liars.

If I were a Venuzualan, I'd be against the little thug and his henchmen. why don't you authoritarians and Trots nob off to somewhere your idolatry and sycophancy to a thug will go down well.

You are talking ti a spy

14.01.2007 05:37

[[NAME REMOVED]] is the only person here to criticise Venezualas Human Rights record. He is an MI5 agent who has infiltrated Trident Ploughshares and who continues to post here under false names.

If he is so concerned about Human Rights in Venezuala why didn't he post before Chavez ? Why doesn't he post about Equador ?

Chavez fans ...

14.01.2007 12:50

... what are your thoughts on Chavez cosying up to the viciously anti-working class Iranian President Ahmadinejad? He's called him "a revolutionary and a brother"; Ahmadinejad has overseen a continuation of Iran's *capitalist* policies - implementing IMF-friendly casualisation/privatizations and violently repressing workers' strikes (e.g. see Aufheben #15).

Is it beyond people to escape the "you're either with us, or you're with the terrorists" binary logic of that renowned thinker GWB? State capitalism under Chavez may well be bringing material benefits to Venezuelan proles, but this is no reason to abandon our critical faculties in the rush to gush over the latest 'revolutionary' pin-up. After all, Chavez only remains in office because of the strength of the grassroots/proletariat, and his increasingly radical polices (he was a fairly tame social democrat pre-coup attempt, and certainly didn't talk of revolution) reflect his need to make concessions to that strength. revolutions are not made by statesmen.

The reason for Chavez victory in the last elections.

15.01.2007 15:24

As someone has said here, the masses are providing all the revolutionary impulse, and the government is hindering them, by insisting that everything is done under their control, and blocking any initiative that tries to be autonomous. However, if you had a true revolutionary spirit and were given the chance to vote for two candidates, one who pretends to be revolutionary even if you know he is not, and another one who plainly states he is going to put a stop to revolution, who would you vote for? No wonder Chavez got so many votes, even if people are growing tired of him. He's been more than 8 years in power, but only now he starts talking about taking the "road to socialism". What was he doing before? Why just now? Has he seen the light?
Sounds like he's started to feel the heat under his feet. His answer is some more rethoric and authoritarianism. No wonder he is trying to get himself elected for the next 25 years and create a single party system. By the way, he's the guy who said that Lukashenko, the dictator of Belarus, was a model to follow, only a few weeks after the whole world was protesting his repression of political opositors.
Let's save venezuela a dictatorship and give the country a real revolution.
Governments and leaders can not be revolutionary. The people are. Support the people. Don't follow prophets.

True revolutionary

CIA agenda

16.01.2007 09:53

"Let's save venezuela a dictatorship and give the country a real revolution. "

Let's not - instead why don't we stop criticising Chavezs supposed human rights violations and concentrate on Blairs. How many hundreds of thousands did Chavez slaughter in Iraq kowtowing to the most murderous regime in recent history ? No CIA rendition flights flew through Venezualan airports to Guantanamo. Any British or US 'true revolutionary' should stop promoting the CIAs agenda abroad and instead concentrate on giving their own country 'a real revolution'.

charity

16.01.2007 12:11

We can easily concentrate on both surely, and more.

hope

HMMM?

16.01.2007 14:27

How are you answering any of my points? I know Bush and Blair are a murderous couple. How does that refute any of what I have said?. You're just diverting the discussion because you have no answers. Surely next you will say that I'm in CIA's payroll.

true revolutionary

and more....

16.01.2007 14:32

"Any British or US 'true revolutionary' should stop promoting the CIAs agenda abroad and instead concentrate on giving their own country 'a real revolution'"
which can be turned round to say
Any British or US 'true revolutionary' should stop promoting the chavezs agenda abroad and instead concentrate on giving their own country 'a real revolution'.
By the way, no deberias asumir que soy de USA o del Reino Unido. No puedes saber si es que te estoy escribiendo desde Caracas.
(which basically means, I could be writting from Caracas)

true, again.

begin at home - in the vipers nest

16.01.2007 20:15

"We can easily concentrate on both surely, and more."

Can we ? Unless you free yourself you can't free anyone else. Anyway the Venezualan people would benefit more from a revolution in the States or in the UK than at home because we are the source of most of their oppression.

"Any British or US 'true revolutionary' should stop promoting the chavezs agenda abroad and instead concentrate on giving their own country 'a real revolution'."

Glad you understand me.

"no deberias asumir que soy de USA o del Reino Unido. No puedes saber si es que te estoy escribiendo desde Caracas."

Strange you haven't installed a Spanish character set on your computer then.

iQue no baile el Papa!
¡No, que no baile el Papa!
Ni el Rey,
ni el millonario de dientes azules,
ni las bailarinas secas de las catedrales,
ni constructores, ni esmeraldas, ni locos, ni sodomitas.
..
Sólo este mascarón,
este mascarón de vieja escarlatina,
¡sólo este mascarón!
Que ya la cobras silbarán por los últimos pisos.
que ya las ortigas estremecerán patios y terrazas,
ya la Bolsa será una pirámide de musgo,
que ya vendrán lianas después de los fusiles
y muy pronto, muy pronto, muy pronto.
¡Ay, 'Wall Street!

again and again

17.01.2007 00:55

Fair enough, I´ll be more careful with my spanish typing:
El hecho de que el reino unido y los estados unidos sean responsables de una buena lista de atrocidades no tiene nada que ver con el hecho de que Chávez sea revolucionario o no. Es como decir que Churchill era revolucionario porque se enfrentó a Hitler en la guerra mundial. El problemas es que llega un momento en que la retórica deja de valer y hay que empezar a mostrar hechos. El pueblo venezolano no necesita más retórica, sino los hechos que sus gobernantes no han producido, después de más de ocho años de gobierno. Me temo que llegará un momento en que veremos enfrentarse al pueblo deseoso de cambios revolucionarios y las estructuras de poder que no están en posición de hacer efectivo este cambio. Será el momento en que a Chávez le vendrán muy bien todos los cambios que plantea introducir en esta su construcción del socialismo, cómo el partido único o el mandato de 25 años. Cuando llegue el momento, ¿de qué lado vas a estar?
Respecto a lo de aplicarse a la revolución interior, creo conveniente recordarte quién empezó este debate.

I like the poem but, how is that related to this trend?

yours truly

stop waiting for 'the moment' and act

17.01.2007 03:12

What trend ? To suggest we should be doing something about Chavez is like saying German anarchists in 1938 should have been doing something about the undoubted inequalities in Poland at the time. I'm sure Hitler would have approved of the distraction but it makes no sense. When you have Nazis in your own street it is senseless if not fascistic or imperialist to criticise another countries attempts at liberation. To criticise a government that is far less bloody and unfair than your own can only be contra-revolutionary unless it is done rom a prison cell. Bush and Blair would agree with you 100% which should cause you pause for thought.

And what a ridiculous question- "when the moment arrives what side are you going to be on". The moment is always here and I am on the side of the angels facing down the pseudo-revolutionaries.

good example

17.01.2007 08:08

If we use the Hitler example again, and ask if in Poland (or any other country on the globe from Egypt to Korea to Norway or Australia) they should have been wholly unconcerned with the situation in Germany what would the answer be.

Should the Japanese been worried about the Treaty of Versailles?

faith

I'll repeat my question

17.01.2007 10:44

Yeah, I'll repeat my question.
When the moment comes of Chavez using the powers he is building up against the revolutionary people, who are claiming for reforms that he will not give them, what side are you going to be on? The people's or Chavez's?
I think it is very pertinent question which you haven't answered. Unless you mean something different when you say that the moment is here. Do you mean that it is already hapenning? Interesting. I have the suspicion that by then you will describe the enraged people as counterrevolutionaries and on CIA's payroll.
And I will again repeat my point. Obviously Hitler was horrible, but that didn't make Churchill a revolutionary in any sense. Same with the USA and UK. The fact that Blair and Bush are a murderous couple and genocides does not make Chavez a revolutionary. You make it sound like it boils down to a matter of the lesser of two evils. Because Blair's government is more murderous than Chavez's we should not be concerned with the situation in Venezuela? I think it is always inspiring to see a people pushing for revolutionary reforms, and discouraging to see how their government capitalises on these while preventing real change. That's my main reason to not support Chavez.

About not promoting any one's agenda and concentrating on homely revolutions, I'd like to know why Chavez supporters start all these discussions on Indymedia. Are they not concentrating enough on their homework? Or are they just trying to call the discussion off when they don't like it any more?

rage and love

Faker

17.01.2007 10:48

So you are comparing Venezuala to Nazi Germany and the UK to Poland - hardly much of a anarcho-commie ( not much of a realist either).

I think progressive Japanese in 1918 had more relevant worries than the treaty of versailles. And I think Indymedia folk should be more worried about pseudo-revolutionaries like you who constantly carp on about Chavez human rights record. If you aren't a right-wing government spy masquerading as an activist then your views and agenda are identical to one which is just as bad.

To criticise Chavez and not to criticise Carlos Andrés Pérez and the free-market and long-term exploitation of Venezualas poor by USUK business interests shows your true politics - infiltrating scum. Anyone else reading this should read about the Caracazo where Chavezs predecessor killed thousands of protestors and bulldozed their bodies their bodies into mass graves.

Charity
Homepage: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracazo

17.01.2007 11:21

I am pointing out that a belief in human rights doesn't have to be linear, in fact it should never ever be just linear. Isn't the declaration "universal"?

If as you propose, that we should only concentrate on our own backyard and until we clear that up we shouldn't have an opinion on anyone else's backyard, that can be a slippery slope with dangerous consequences.

Are we to ignore the situations in Saudi, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Uzbekistan, Chechnya, China, Indonesia, North Korea, even Italy, France, Ireland and the US too? About organizations like the WTO, the World Bank, IMF, the UN Security Council?

Sounds more like you are the one with the suspect agenda. Forgiving the sins of one oppressor just because they are ideologically opposed to what you oppose.

Don't forget that uncle Joe Stalin was our best friend in WW2, that Bin Laden was in Afghanistan, Pinnochet in Chile etc etc etc

You look the other way and real people suffer.

And if it makes me a CIA stooge to be concerned for people's suffering on a transnational level I am truly stunned.

Yankee dollars

17.01.2007 11:40

Chavez has the overwhelming support of the Venezualan people. For good reason. If one day he abuses his power and becomes unpopular then the Venzualan people will be best rid of him. In the meantime the only people who criticise him are Bush and his business backers and their minions.

David Clark

Corporate Power vs The People : Which Side Are You On

17.01.2007 11:59

Since Chavez is only oppressing the oppressors you have shown your true colours

But just as during the 2002 coup attempt, the mass media, controlled by rightwing businessmen, play a central role in the destabilization strategy of the opposition. So the virtual reality of the opposition, which is mainly formed by the same sectors that robbed the country for 40 years, keeping the people in poverty and controlling them with repression, finds an echo in the international mass media.

A documentary about the last coup attempt - “The Revolution will not be Televised” - won several international prizes and was shown all over the western world. In some countries, such as Germany and Britain, it was even shown on public television. Nevertheless, very few journalists seriously thought about the virtual set-up of the coup. The same politicians that participated in the coup are today once again presented as the “democratic opposition” and the same TV channels that helped organize and support the coup are today once again the main source of information for the international press.

The mass media and the US government are following the destabilization script, along with different opposition groups which have no political program apart from getting rid of Chávez. Opposition politicians threaten, via the private TV channels, to create a situation “like in Haiti.” William Lara, member of Venezuela’s National Assembly, announced that the ongoing actions correspond to the guidelines of a CIA counter-insurgency handbook.

In the course of several months we have seen an ever-repeating game of public declarations from US government officials. First, an article is published in the US press, citing unnamed or low-profile US government representatives who make declarations about Venezuela’s supposed ties to international terrorism - ranging from the Colombian FARC to Al Qaida. This is followed by an official protest from the Venezuelan government and after that a higher-ranking representative of the US administration declares that nothing indicates such ties.

A coup and intervention seem fairly unrealistic at the moment. Apart from all polemics and propaganda, even Washington should be conscious of the enormous support the deep political and social transformations carried out by the Chávez government have. But the
fact that the US administration is playing an important role in the script of the destabilization of Venezuela is obvious. Apart from the direct involvement in the April 2002 coup attempt, the US government finances, via the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), different opposition organizations. One of them is the private enterprise Sumate, which, in cooperation with various companies, put pressure on thousands of workers to sign against Chávez. Sumate distributed cards confirming the signature against Chávez, while the companies asked their workers for the card - or they would lose their jobs.

Charity
Homepage: http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?lid=115

Mr Revolution?

17.01.2007 12:21

charity: insults won't give you the reason

17.01.2007 13:19

"infiltrating scum"
You resort to insults because you have no arguments.

"So you are comparing Venezuala to Nazi Germany"
You are deliberately missrepresenting what I said.
I don't think these are terms to conduct any constructive discussion, but you are obviously not interested in that.

About what David Clark says, I agree that the venezuelan people is overwhelmingly revolutionary, I'm glad to say. But I think that the Chavez governement is channelling and limiting the revolutionary drive of the people. The main problem is that Chavez is building up his powers, aiming for a 25 years presidency and trying to amalgamate all other leftist parties under his own. When, as you say, the time comes that the people try to get rid of him in their path to revolution they might not be able to. That's why the discusion about human rights is relevant, as it happens that it is activists who are suffering them, and curiously not the right wing politicians in the oposition. The people are starting to be dissapointed by the lack of real change after 8 years of "bolivarian revolution" and indeed signs of dicontent are mounting.
"If one day he abuses his power and becomes unpopular then the Venzualan people will be best rid of him" It might not be so easy. That's why my question to chrity was relevant. Will chavistas continue to support chavez at the expense of the people? I suspect they will brand any unrest as counterrevolutionary.

It's a fact of history that people's revolutionary will is far stronger than that of their leaders. The aim then would be to encourage the free development of these revolutinary impulses at the expense of whoever might happen to be in governement. How does that make me Bush's minion?

enraged love

flunky

17.01.2007 17:38

You are infiltrating scum as you aren't the least bit revolutionary like you pretend to be. You are [[NAME REMOVED]] who posts here under a variety of names and personas. You admit to pitying feminists and attacking girls. Your constant sniping at activists here earned you the names 'MI5' 'Spook' and 'plant'. You threatened to evict Faslane peace camp. You claim to be part of an international brotherhood of former SAS and soldiers with friends in British intelligence yet now you pretend to be revolutionary. You claimed to be heavily involved in the London activist scene and friends with Crass but they haven't heard of you and you haven't any police record. You infiltrated Trident Ploughshares and seem intent on discrediting them by association. You are a mad middle-class macho drunk whose spelling errors and reactionary attitudes identify you whatever disguise you adopt.

"The aim then would be to"...
"The people are starting to be dissapointed "

Oh spare us the crocodile tears for the hypothetical future abuse of the Venzualan people by Chavez when you are only serving your paymasters instructions to discredit one of the most genuinely popular leaders in Latin American history. Flunky. Nice to know you aren't in Peaton Glen Woods today though.

What makes you think so?

17.01.2007 23:58

Who´s that guy? And you say you know him? Mind the people you hang around with...
By the way, I could never claim to be friends with Crass...I was about five years old when they disbanded.
Anyway, there doesn´t seem to be any more politics in this discussion, so I don´t see the point.
Now you can try to say this proves you are right and I am (secretely) the guy you say I am. Or go on ranting about how much money I am getting from the CIA. Anything you say from now on has been discredited by your authoritarian attitude, your resorting to insults and gratuitious verbal violence.

enraged love...and amused

What makes me think so

18.01.2007 15:37

Maybe you aren't Richard although he is often enraged and amused too and he does share exactly the same views and syntax as you the same tactics and posting-time-profile and spelling mistakes - beware of the path you are on. And at this point he'd be claiming not to be him so forgive me if I'm dubious - and also amused.
As to your age I am assuming you are mistaken as Crass Agenda only broke up on 2005. That would make you a very precocious seven year old. That would explain why you confuse the word authoritative with the word authoritarian.

But taking you at face value I'll say this again. All leaders and all politicians should be shunned or executed. And that goes for Chavez too. But prioritise. Chavez is a billion times less evil than Blair and a million times more straight-forward to oppose. And as for your personal conduct as a revolutionary - well I have carried out two actions during our conversation that I am proud of but would rather not discuss. We are all always living in the moment and to delay to wait for the moment is to procrastinate. Either revolt everytime you can or stop encouraging others to.

Venezuela: Chavez announces radical measures against capitalism

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really?

Ha!

Goodluck Chavez

Additional information on the Chav

to be fair

Passes through a Revolution

I seee...

You are talking ti a spy

Chavez fans ...

The reason for Chavez victory in the last elections.

CIA agenda

charity

HMMM?

and more....

begin at home - in the vipers nest

again and again

stop waiting for 'the moment' and act

good example

I'll repeat my question

Faker

really?

Yankee dollars

Corporate Power vs The People : Which Side Are You On

Mr Revolution?

charity: insults won't give you the reason

flunky

What makes you think so?

What makes me think so

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