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Mr Roger K. Olsson | 25.07.2007 13:00 | Analysis | Other Press | London | World
Perhaps the greatest in Western industrial economic models, business cycle and the modern economic strenght. The triumph of the West Indies success of the new economies. West Indies, an archipelago lying between the costs of Florida and Venezuela, and dividing the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. They consist of the British W.I.; Curaçao, belonging to the Netherlands; Guadeloupe and Martinique, belonging to France; Puerto Rico, belonging to the U.S.A. and Britain; and the independent Cuba, Dominican Republican and Haiti. The Federation of the West Indies, comprising Antigua, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts with Nevis and Anguilla, St. Lusia, St. Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago, came into existence in 1958. This federation, of which the federal parliament was of Port-of-Spain. Trinidad, came to an end in 1962 when first Jamaica and then Trinidad and Tobago withdraw. Attempts at a new federation were abandoned in 1965, and individual solutions sought. The difficulties of the smaller dependencies in assuming the burden of full independence were met by the creation of the new non-colonial status of Associated State, assumed in 1967 by Antigua, Dominica, Grenada, St. Christopher, Nevis-Anguilla and St. Lucia. There is a built-in operation for independence on a two-thirds vote of the local legislature plus a referandum, and association with another Caribbean country within the Commonwealth may be voted without a referandum. The international oil companies do not propose to take a beating lying down. They are redoubling their efforts to increase the use of petroleum products. General Motors and Socal had already bought the Los Angeles mass transit rail system and shut it down. Exxon promised a tiger in the tank. Everywhere there were campaigns to increase driving and heating. Today, for the first time in years, the companies are cracking down on salaries, expense accounts and office overhead. The Highway Trust Fund helped by building the interstate highway system. Farther out, suburbs were springing up, requiring more driving. A Strange New Plan for World Oil, Fortune headlined its article: The proposition, badly stated, is that the great oil-producing countries outside the U.S. should get together to limit production and maintain prices. The rationale of this proposal is clear enough. Crude oil prices outside the U.S. have been falling like overripe fruit. Inside the U.S., however, prices have been holding relatively high and steady because the mighty Texas Railroad Commission, supported by other state and federal bodies, in effect adjusts the supply of U.S. oil to the market... An international Texas Railroad Commission could keep crude oil production in line with demand, allocate production equitably among producing countries and companies, and so maintain prices at or close to the elegant level maintained in the U.S. The high irony of the proposition is enough to raise a gulf-faw from even the sourest oilman... such a global scheme, granting it is at all feasible, obviously runs against just about every principle of free enterprise economics in the book... the basic interest of the consumer in cheaper oil, made possible by the discovery of every larger reserves, would be thrown to the winds. Obviously enough, the channels of real transformation, such as the chance coupon, will carry only the exceptional and fortunate few, and the rest will in the main produce only short-lived or modest improvements. It is a fact that wage-workers remain wage-workers until they are sixty-five. The ideals of behaviour, the good things of life, in short the cultural and of the society in which they live, remain for most men a vision only, in the glossy magazines, the newspapers, on the cinema and the television screen, and in the lives of a few people they will never encounter. These "cultural goals", to borrow expressions from Merton, are not equally available to all participants in the culture because of the inequality of the "institutionalized means" placed at their disposal,(Dennis et al., 1956, p. 37, and Merton, 1949). Before the analysis can become at all precise it will be necessary to define degree of intimacy and obligation of the various relationships...If possible it would be advisable to interview several members of a network, following the links of interaction from one person to another, instead of relying on what each couple say about their networks as I have done. Precise definition of connectness would require quantitative analysis of the total network, of the independent networks, of their joint network ( the people with whom they have joint relationships), and of that part of the total network composed of kin, that composed of friends, and that composed of neighbours( Bott, 1957, also Laining, 1960, 1961 and 1962).The study of social networks is relatively new and there are as yet no studies of such differential networks. Indeed the work he has done, and the social cooperation requires in production theories of social change. The commodity has become a thing in itself which seems to have a life of own and even in some senses to stand opposed to its producer. Leading members of its council maintain that an outsider is, by and large, more likely to be satisfactory than an ex-member secretary. Moreover, the Middlesex County Council rule that their grants to the association depend on the quality of the educational work undertaken makes it desirable to have someone with more experience in educational activities than most Watling members possess. The decision to continue to appoint an outsider rests on deeper issues. They argued (when appointing a new secretary in 1946) that they must have someone with new ideas. This suggests that they felt the need for a man who was capable by character, education and experiences of having a vision which, because it was wider than their own, would stimulate them. The women's societies feel a similar need for one outside personality who can see any group with a homogeneous composition and no very concrete objectives feels this for one person who can raise its own standards (Planning, 1947).
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Mr Roger K. Olsson
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