Albert Hofmann has died at 102 & 4 months
obit | 30.04.2008 14:12 | Culture | World
The quite famous Swiss Chemist who "discovered" LSD has finally died at 102 years and four months. We mostly don't live to 100, but thanks to medical and scientific advances certain socio-economic classes are increasingly more confident of living to 100. Previously centenarians were almost exclusively female, and concentrated in small climate zones. In Europe these were found on the Mediterranean or to the east in the Caucus mountain region, and globally on the Pacific rim.
Research suggests but has not proved that while there is yet no "magical recipe" to guarantee longevity, there are simple things one can do. Surprisingly amongst them are included such tips are;
* do not to become a regular user of crack cocaine.
* eat a balanced diet, but at between 30% and 40% of "average carbohydrate intake".
* do not drive fast cars, motorbikes or operate heavy machinery.
* Please someone very powerful and get tippy toppy medical care.
* Be very scared of dying or death whichever way you look at it/them.
We do not know what life has been really like for Albert Hofman all these years save that he has never properly condemned himself for countless bad trips, and has never explained why he such a revered scientist, broke scientific method. Or to put it quite simply :-
Why did Hofman take the drug?
(simple version)
Why did dip his finger in the sample? How many undergraduates, children at secondary level education, lab technicians since have spoilt thier research by "trying it"? How many would go on getting serious jobs?
Someone was very grateful to Albert.
which might lead me to denounce the man as a fraud. Just in case you wanted a serious obituary for the man without whom childrens telly would have remained in black & white for at least 15 years longer, I suppose I could note that Robert Anton Wilson died on his 101st birthday.
& thats what counter-culture is all about. Love you. with shrums on top.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
And now a little extra. "how to make LSD"
Please note that the manufacture, preparation and distribution of LSD 25 is illegal unless you have a license.
You can get a license from your local university department of psychiatry, neurology or pharmacology as long as you satisify the very strict requirements that you're not going to go dump the stuff in a local reservoir.-
[D-lysergic acid diethylamide](LSD)
Preparatory arrangements:
Starting material may be any lysergic acid derivative, from ergot on rye grain or from culture, or from synthetic sources. Preparation #1 uses any amide, or lysergic acid as starting material. Preparations #2 and #3 must start with lysergic acid only, prepared from the amides as follows:
10 g of any lysergic acid amide from various natural sources dissolved in 200 ml of methanolic KOH solution and the methanol removed immediately in vacuo. The residue is treated with 200 ml of an 8% aqueous solution of KOH and the mixture heated on a steam bath for one hour. A stream of nitrogen gas is passed through the flask during heating and the evolved NH3 gas may be titrated is HCl to follow the reaction. The alkaline solution is made neutral to congo red with tartaric acid, filtered, cleaned by extraction with ether, the aqueous solution filtered and evaporated. Digest with MeOH to remove some of the coloured material from the crystals of lysergic acid.
Arrange the lighting in the lab similarly to that of a dark room. Use photographic red and yellow safety lights, as lysergic acid derivatives are decomposed when light is present. Rubber gloves must be worn due to the highly poisonous nature of ergot alkaloids. A hair drier, or, better, a flash evaporator, is necessary to speed up steps where evaporation is necessary.
Preparation #1
Step I. Use Yellow light
Place one volume of powdered ergot alkaloid material in a tiny roundbottom flask and add two volumes of anhydrous hydrazine. An alternate procedure uses a sealed tube in which the reagents are heated at 112 C. The mixture is refluxed (or heated) for 30 minutes. Add 1.5 volumes of H2O and boil 15 minutes. On cooling in the refrigerator, isolysergic acid hydrazide is crystallised.
Step II. Use Red light
Chill all reagents and have ice handy. Dissolve 2.82 g hydrazine rapidly in 100 ml 0.1 N ice-cold HCl using an ice bath to keep the reaction vessel at 0 C. 100 ml ice-cold 0.1 N NaNO2 is added and after 2 to 3 minutes vigorous stirring, 130 ml more HCl is added dropwise with vigorous stirring again in an ice bath. After 5 minutes, neutralise the solution with NaHCO3 saturated sol. and extract with ether. Remove the aqueous solution and try to dissolve the gummy substance in ether. Adjust the ether solution by adding 3 g diethylamine per 300 ml ether extract. Allow to stand in the dark, gradually warming up to 20 C over a period of 24 hours. Evaporate in vacuum and treat as indicated in the purification section for conversion of iso-lysergic amides to lysergic acid amides.
Preparation #2
Step I. Use Yellow light
5.36 g of d-lysergic acid are suspended in 125 ml of acetonitrile and the suspension cooled to about -20 C in a bath of acetone cooled with dry ice. To the suspension is added a cold (-20 C) solution of 8.82 g of trifluoroacetic anhydride in 75 ml of acetonitrile. The mixture is allowed to stand at -20 C for about 1.5 hours during which the suspended material dissolves, and the d-lysergic acid is converted to the mixed anhydride of lysergic and trifluoroacetic acids. The mixed anhydride can be separated in the form of an oil by evaporating the solvent in vacuo at a temperature below 0 C, but this is not necessary. Everything must be kept anhydrous.
Step II. Use Yellow light
The solution of mixed anhydrides in acetonitrile from Step I is added to 150 ml of a second solution of acetonitrile containing 7.6 g of diethylamine. The mixture is held in the dark at room temperature for about 2 hours. The acetonitrile is evaporated in vacuo, leaving a residue of LSD-25 plus other impurities. The residue is dissolved in 150 ml of chloroform and 20 ml of ice water. The chloroform layer is removed and the aqueous layer is extracted with several portions of chloroform. The chloroform portions are combined and in turn washed with four 50 ml portions of ice-cold water. The chloroform solution is then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated in vacuo.
Preparation #3
This procedure gives good yield and is very fast with little iso-lysergic acid being formed (its effect are mildly unpleasant). However, the stoichometry must be exact or yields will drop.
Step I. Use White light
Sulfur trioxide is produced in anhydrous state by carefully decomposing anhydrous ferric sulfate at approximately 480 C. Store under anhydrous conditions.
Step II. Use White light
A carefully dried 22 litre RB flask fitted with an ice bath, condenser, dropping funnel and mechanical stirrer is charged with 10 to 11 litres of dimethylformamide (freshly distilled under reduced pressure). The condenser and dropping funnel are both protected against atmospheric moisture. 2 lb of sulfur trioxide (Sulfan B) are introduced dropwise, very cautiously stirring, during 4 to 5 hours. The temperature is kept at 0-5 C throughout the addition. After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for 1-2 hours until some separated, crystalline sulfur trioxide-dimethylformamide complex has dissolved. The reagent is transferred to an air- tight automatic pipette for convenient dispensing, and kept in the cold. Although the reagent, which is colourless, may change from yellow to red, its efficiency remains unimpaired for three to four months in cold storage. An aliquot is dissolved in water and titrated with standard NaOH to a phenolphthalein end point.
Step III. Use Red light
A solution of 7.15 g of d-lysergic acid mono hydrate (25 mmol) and 1.06 g of lithium hydroxide hydrate (25 mmol) in 200 ml of MeOH is prepared. The solvent is distilled on the steam bath under reduced pressure. the residue of glass-like lithium lysergate is dissolved in 400 ml of anhydrous dimethyl formamide. From this solution about 200 ml of the dimethyl formamide is distilled off at 15 ml pressure through a 12 inch helices packed column. the resulting anhydrous solution of lithium lysergate left behind is cooled to 0 C and, with stirring, treated rapidly with 500 ml of SO3-DMF solution (1.00 molar). The mixture is stirred in the cold for 10 minutes and then 9.14 g (125.0 mmol) of diethylamine is added. The stirring and cooling are continued for 10 minutes longer, when 400 ml of water is added to decompose the reaction complex. After mixing thoroughly, 200 ml of saturated aqueous saline solution is added. The amide product is isolated by repeated extraction with 500 ml portions of ethylene dichloride. the combined extract is dried and then concentrated to a syrup under reduced pressure. Do not heat up the syrup during concentration. the LSD may crystallise out, but the crystals and the mother liquor may be chromatographed according to the instructions on purification.
Purification of LSD-25
The material obtained by any of these three preparations may contain both lysergic acid and iso-lysergic acid amides. Preparation #1 contains mostly iso-lysergic diethylamide and must be converted prior to separation. For this material, go to Step II first.
Step I. Use darkroom and follow with a long wave UV
The material is dissolved in a 3:1 mixture of benzene and chloroform. Pack the chromatography column with a slurry of basic alumina in benzene so that a 1 inch column is six inches long. Drain the solvent to the top of the alumina column and carefully add an aliquot of the LSD-solvent solution containing 50 ml of solvent and 1 g LSD. Run this through the column, following the fastest moving fluorescent band. After it has been collected, strip the remaining material from the column by washing with MeOH. Use the UV light sparingly to prevent excessive damage to the compounds. Evaporate the second fraction in vacuo and set aside for Step II. The fraction containing the pure LSD is concentrated in vacuo and the syrup will crystallise slowly. This material may be converted to the tartrate by tartaric acid and the LSD tartrate conveniently crystallised. MP 190-196 C.
Step II. Use Red light
Dissolve the residue derived from the methanol stripping of the column in a minimum amount of alcohol. Add twice that volume of 4 N alcoholic KOH solution and allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for several hours. Neutralise with dilute HCl, make slightly basic with NH4OH and extract with chloroform or ethylene dichloride as in preparations #1 or #2. Evaporate in vacuo and chromatograph as in the previous step.
Note: Lysergic acid compounds are unstable to heat, light and oxygen. In any form it helps to add ascorbic acid as an anti- oxidant, keeping the container tightly closed, light-tight with aluminum foil, and in a refrigerator.
(***) I am not responsible for any muppet making this shite, or faking a certificate / license on Adope photoshop and getting the ingredients from :-
Sandoz
Industriestrasse 25,
83607 Holzkirchen,
Germany,
Phone +49 (0) 8024 476
* do not to become a regular user of crack cocaine.
* eat a balanced diet, but at between 30% and 40% of "average carbohydrate intake".
* do not drive fast cars, motorbikes or operate heavy machinery.
* Please someone very powerful and get tippy toppy medical care.
* Be very scared of dying or death whichever way you look at it/them.
We do not know what life has been really like for Albert Hofman all these years save that he has never properly condemned himself for countless bad trips, and has never explained why he such a revered scientist, broke scientific method. Or to put it quite simply :-
Why did Hofman take the drug?
(simple version)
Why did dip his finger in the sample? How many undergraduates, children at secondary level education, lab technicians since have spoilt thier research by "trying it"? How many would go on getting serious jobs?
Someone was very grateful to Albert.
which might lead me to denounce the man as a fraud. Just in case you wanted a serious obituary for the man without whom childrens telly would have remained in black & white for at least 15 years longer, I suppose I could note that Robert Anton Wilson died on his 101st birthday.
& thats what counter-culture is all about. Love you. with shrums on top.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
And now a little extra. "how to make LSD"
Please note that the manufacture, preparation and distribution of LSD 25 is illegal unless you have a license.
You can get a license from your local university department of psychiatry, neurology or pharmacology as long as you satisify the very strict requirements that you're not going to go dump the stuff in a local reservoir.-
[D-lysergic acid diethylamide](LSD)
Preparatory arrangements:
Starting material may be any lysergic acid derivative, from ergot on rye grain or from culture, or from synthetic sources. Preparation #1 uses any amide, or lysergic acid as starting material. Preparations #2 and #3 must start with lysergic acid only, prepared from the amides as follows:
10 g of any lysergic acid amide from various natural sources dissolved in 200 ml of methanolic KOH solution and the methanol removed immediately in vacuo. The residue is treated with 200 ml of an 8% aqueous solution of KOH and the mixture heated on a steam bath for one hour. A stream of nitrogen gas is passed through the flask during heating and the evolved NH3 gas may be titrated is HCl to follow the reaction. The alkaline solution is made neutral to congo red with tartaric acid, filtered, cleaned by extraction with ether, the aqueous solution filtered and evaporated. Digest with MeOH to remove some of the coloured material from the crystals of lysergic acid.
Arrange the lighting in the lab similarly to that of a dark room. Use photographic red and yellow safety lights, as lysergic acid derivatives are decomposed when light is present. Rubber gloves must be worn due to the highly poisonous nature of ergot alkaloids. A hair drier, or, better, a flash evaporator, is necessary to speed up steps where evaporation is necessary.
Preparation #1
Step I. Use Yellow light
Place one volume of powdered ergot alkaloid material in a tiny roundbottom flask and add two volumes of anhydrous hydrazine. An alternate procedure uses a sealed tube in which the reagents are heated at 112 C. The mixture is refluxed (or heated) for 30 minutes. Add 1.5 volumes of H2O and boil 15 minutes. On cooling in the refrigerator, isolysergic acid hydrazide is crystallised.
Step II. Use Red light
Chill all reagents and have ice handy. Dissolve 2.82 g hydrazine rapidly in 100 ml 0.1 N ice-cold HCl using an ice bath to keep the reaction vessel at 0 C. 100 ml ice-cold 0.1 N NaNO2 is added and after 2 to 3 minutes vigorous stirring, 130 ml more HCl is added dropwise with vigorous stirring again in an ice bath. After 5 minutes, neutralise the solution with NaHCO3 saturated sol. and extract with ether. Remove the aqueous solution and try to dissolve the gummy substance in ether. Adjust the ether solution by adding 3 g diethylamine per 300 ml ether extract. Allow to stand in the dark, gradually warming up to 20 C over a period of 24 hours. Evaporate in vacuum and treat as indicated in the purification section for conversion of iso-lysergic amides to lysergic acid amides.
Preparation #2
Step I. Use Yellow light
5.36 g of d-lysergic acid are suspended in 125 ml of acetonitrile and the suspension cooled to about -20 C in a bath of acetone cooled with dry ice. To the suspension is added a cold (-20 C) solution of 8.82 g of trifluoroacetic anhydride in 75 ml of acetonitrile. The mixture is allowed to stand at -20 C for about 1.5 hours during which the suspended material dissolves, and the d-lysergic acid is converted to the mixed anhydride of lysergic and trifluoroacetic acids. The mixed anhydride can be separated in the form of an oil by evaporating the solvent in vacuo at a temperature below 0 C, but this is not necessary. Everything must be kept anhydrous.
Step II. Use Yellow light
The solution of mixed anhydrides in acetonitrile from Step I is added to 150 ml of a second solution of acetonitrile containing 7.6 g of diethylamine. The mixture is held in the dark at room temperature for about 2 hours. The acetonitrile is evaporated in vacuo, leaving a residue of LSD-25 plus other impurities. The residue is dissolved in 150 ml of chloroform and 20 ml of ice water. The chloroform layer is removed and the aqueous layer is extracted with several portions of chloroform. The chloroform portions are combined and in turn washed with four 50 ml portions of ice-cold water. The chloroform solution is then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated in vacuo.
Preparation #3
This procedure gives good yield and is very fast with little iso-lysergic acid being formed (its effect are mildly unpleasant). However, the stoichometry must be exact or yields will drop.
Step I. Use White light
Sulfur trioxide is produced in anhydrous state by carefully decomposing anhydrous ferric sulfate at approximately 480 C. Store under anhydrous conditions.
Step II. Use White light
A carefully dried 22 litre RB flask fitted with an ice bath, condenser, dropping funnel and mechanical stirrer is charged with 10 to 11 litres of dimethylformamide (freshly distilled under reduced pressure). The condenser and dropping funnel are both protected against atmospheric moisture. 2 lb of sulfur trioxide (Sulfan B) are introduced dropwise, very cautiously stirring, during 4 to 5 hours. The temperature is kept at 0-5 C throughout the addition. After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for 1-2 hours until some separated, crystalline sulfur trioxide-dimethylformamide complex has dissolved. The reagent is transferred to an air- tight automatic pipette for convenient dispensing, and kept in the cold. Although the reagent, which is colourless, may change from yellow to red, its efficiency remains unimpaired for three to four months in cold storage. An aliquot is dissolved in water and titrated with standard NaOH to a phenolphthalein end point.
Step III. Use Red light
A solution of 7.15 g of d-lysergic acid mono hydrate (25 mmol) and 1.06 g of lithium hydroxide hydrate (25 mmol) in 200 ml of MeOH is prepared. The solvent is distilled on the steam bath under reduced pressure. the residue of glass-like lithium lysergate is dissolved in 400 ml of anhydrous dimethyl formamide. From this solution about 200 ml of the dimethyl formamide is distilled off at 15 ml pressure through a 12 inch helices packed column. the resulting anhydrous solution of lithium lysergate left behind is cooled to 0 C and, with stirring, treated rapidly with 500 ml of SO3-DMF solution (1.00 molar). The mixture is stirred in the cold for 10 minutes and then 9.14 g (125.0 mmol) of diethylamine is added. The stirring and cooling are continued for 10 minutes longer, when 400 ml of water is added to decompose the reaction complex. After mixing thoroughly, 200 ml of saturated aqueous saline solution is added. The amide product is isolated by repeated extraction with 500 ml portions of ethylene dichloride. the combined extract is dried and then concentrated to a syrup under reduced pressure. Do not heat up the syrup during concentration. the LSD may crystallise out, but the crystals and the mother liquor may be chromatographed according to the instructions on purification.
Purification of LSD-25
The material obtained by any of these three preparations may contain both lysergic acid and iso-lysergic acid amides. Preparation #1 contains mostly iso-lysergic diethylamide and must be converted prior to separation. For this material, go to Step II first.
Step I. Use darkroom and follow with a long wave UV
The material is dissolved in a 3:1 mixture of benzene and chloroform. Pack the chromatography column with a slurry of basic alumina in benzene so that a 1 inch column is six inches long. Drain the solvent to the top of the alumina column and carefully add an aliquot of the LSD-solvent solution containing 50 ml of solvent and 1 g LSD. Run this through the column, following the fastest moving fluorescent band. After it has been collected, strip the remaining material from the column by washing with MeOH. Use the UV light sparingly to prevent excessive damage to the compounds. Evaporate the second fraction in vacuo and set aside for Step II. The fraction containing the pure LSD is concentrated in vacuo and the syrup will crystallise slowly. This material may be converted to the tartrate by tartaric acid and the LSD tartrate conveniently crystallised. MP 190-196 C.
Step II. Use Red light
Dissolve the residue derived from the methanol stripping of the column in a minimum amount of alcohol. Add twice that volume of 4 N alcoholic KOH solution and allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for several hours. Neutralise with dilute HCl, make slightly basic with NH4OH and extract with chloroform or ethylene dichloride as in preparations #1 or #2. Evaporate in vacuo and chromatograph as in the previous step.
Note: Lysergic acid compounds are unstable to heat, light and oxygen. In any form it helps to add ascorbic acid as an anti- oxidant, keeping the container tightly closed, light-tight with aluminum foil, and in a refrigerator.
(***) I am not responsible for any muppet making this shite, or faking a certificate / license on Adope photoshop and getting the ingredients from :-
Sandoz
Industriestrasse 25,
83607 Holzkirchen,
Germany,
Phone +49 (0) 8024 476
obit
Comments
Hide the following 5 comments
quick addition, to qualify "quite famous" & introduce the "obit" series.
30.04.2008 20:16
People have stopped asking how the second most important stooge in the pivotal penetration marketting strategy of LSD in western culture during the point of the cold war when sponsored right wing dictatorships, apartheid regimes or post imperialist Britain or France took on their most serious mass movement threats. I refuse to allow anyone forget Albert Hofmann broke the scientific code by dipping his pinky in what he knew was an acidic variant of a poison. Leary may have wrote convincingly enough of his therapy sessions in federal US prisons using the drug, but until the true story of who paid the "Weathermen" to spring him out of jail, via Canada to political asylum in Hofmann's Switzerland, we may not presume he wasn't he a stooge either. Ken Kesey got around the stooge problem by launching his career "Bourne Identity" style from the very labs of the CIA. Alone amongst the military experiments we may quickly find evidence for carried out by the British and French states on their servicemen, LSD pops up on the Google/Youtube metasearch.
Yep. I did that shite.
Some of you who assembled in Westminster Square ten years ago tomorrow, for Mayday, Reclaim the Streets & the birth of (((i))) indymedia in Europe, did so too. But remembering that day, I saw more people on a political high and only a few on K, to be frank.
LSD52 was the most powerful mind altering substance ever sold on the western (not soviet) market. It was also the cheapest black market drug ever sold. Oh but what a bad reputation!
I thank you for reading this obituary, for perhaps considering this small piece of counter culture ephemera in which I believe any proper understanding of social change, progress, articulation of new rights, preservation of older ones, class consciouseness & historical place must allow a place. This article ought properly be considered to form part of the "obituary" series which has till recently been published for a global English readership on the "indymedia ireland" site. Hopefully the series & its authors (for I am only one of three) will migrate to IMC UK. Most of the dead we have listed were more appreciated in the UK anyway, except of course for Robert Anton Wilson who lived in Ireland & as already mentioned had the alacrity to die on Hofmann's 101st birthday.
Happy birthday.
Be your media & evolve your culture!
from iosaf (ipsiphi) in Barcelona.
the Obituary series celebrating lives from the counterculture & underground as varied as Sid Barrett, Tony Wilson, the Bexlyheath Bolshevik granny, Ligeti, Rostropovitch to whoever next :-
obit (iosaf)
be very scared of death
30.04.2008 20:56
s
additional resources for those interested in cognitive liberty issues.
30.04.2008 22:53
What at first seemed and was reported merely as a silly stand-off between the type of marchers who criticised foreign tourists for getting pissed up on beer, gawking at prostitutes, stuffing their faces with hash cake & then thinking that's the time for a dose of psilicybin was in fact a vital chapter in long process of cognitive liberty restrictions resulting from the synthesis of psychotropes by Hofmann. But some didn't see it that way. So I'll make it easy - Rather than banning the shrooms they should ban the tourists.
To put the current campaign of Arno Adelaars, Dr. Christian Rätsch, Govert Derix, Dr. Henner Hess, Wolfgang Sterneck in the Netherlands to repeal such laws in context we must explore a little of the history of the anomalous market forces & extra-state influences which illustrate well the manipulation that supply and demand of all drugs are subject to. The method is no different than that to analyse the anomalous global market of hydrocarbons or arms. Only the people who specialise in this area of geopolitics counterpointed with microculture can often have a very dodgey reputation, be in prison, work in an asylum or simply have bank accounts all over the offshore word.
The impetus to close the synthetic drug labs which sprouted up amidst an emergent entrepreneurial enthusiasm had as much to do with putting the cat Nicholas Saunders had let out of the bag by distributing the simple formula to make MDMA as much as the concern of politicians to heed the British parents of Leah Betts to fight a European version of the nefarious US "drug war". Perhaps the true impetus may be judged by the true consequence. There was a limited supply of the drug MDMA on the black market sourced to dubious quality production chains in the Netherlands which quickly ran through the near 6,000 close molecular variations with ever glummer punters, shittier music &c. As one who was lucky to attend one of Saunders info-suppers, I can ruefully attest to the curious scarcity of high quality ingredients increasingly encountered between the 1991 implementation of The 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and the United Nations Economic and Social Council Resolution 1996/29 to strengthen that Convention.
I can not allow anyone to forget that at precisely this stage in British history crack cocaine production was first attributed to gangs of either Caribean or African origin. It would be wonderful if one of the older indyheads who ten years ago reclaimed Mayday in London remembered the stickers and limited edition book which proclaimed the alledged US origin of the astoundingly quick and widespread (considering the profit margins) transmission of the Crack recipe. Whilst the global amphetamine production moved out of Europe to South East Asia to play its undisputed role in sweat shop labour.
We may some of us have the luxury to choose to be scared of death or dying as a way to ensure a long life as I wrote in the article above as much as we may in our relative global prosperity think crystal amphetamines or crack or whatever generic substance not conducive to labour.
We must all know however that we will .:. rest or less romantically go through a crematorium or slow butric putrefaction. An obituary can only pithily summarise, eulogise, judge, weigh a soul like blind Ma'at the Egyptian Goddess of true intention, for so many words. Unless of course it's published in the Daily Telegraph in which case it can quite make a chap or chapette's career.
If you've read this far, you might like some links & possible enjoy the other "obituaries" of the series linked to in the first comment above.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Cognitive Liberty, an international nonprofit association of people working in the public interest to protect the fundamental right to freedom of thought deals with the whole scary whacky range from dropping pills to floating like Tom Cruise in a fishtank to behaviour or memory modulation.
Erowid is a member-supported organization providing access to reliable, non-judgmental information about psychoactive plants and chemicals and related issues. We work with academic, medical, and experiential experts to develop and publish new resources, as well as to improve and increase access to already existing resources. We also strive to ensure that these resources are maintained and preserved as a historical record for the future.
Individuals named :
Hofmann -
Leary -
Saunders -
United Nation conventions referred to-
obit (iosaf)
Homepage:
http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/
So?
01.05.2008 16:05
I for one can think of much better things to write on Indymedia, which have a lot more relevence to the world in general, and not just a bunch of hippies who are marking the day by wearing black yoghurt jumpers. Like the suffering in Darfur, Zimbabwe, or Palestine, just to name a few.
someone who has better things to do than drug his life away
lol@
01.05.2008 16:43
yoghurt jumpers